Abstract
Nonconvulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) is an underdiagnosed condition due to its minimal or inconspicuous clinical presentation. With increasing use of continuous electroencephalogram (EEG), NCSE has been diagnosed more frequently in critically ill patients. In 2012, the Neurocritical Care Society defined NCSE as seizure activity on EEG that is continuous or recurrent without return to baseline between seizures for 5 or more minutes that is not associated with convulsive activity. In acutely ill patients, NCSE often follows convulsive status epilepticus and presents with severely impaired mental status with or without subtle motor movements as well as other positive or negative signs [1]. (See Chap. 5 for further NCSE classification). Nonconvulsive seizures (NCS)/NCSE have been reported in 8–21 % of critically ill patient populations [2–4]. Delayed diagnosis and treatment of NCSE may lead to increased mortality which has been reported to be as high as 52 % in critically ill patients [2, 5].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Brophy GM, Bell R, Claassen J, et al. Guidelines for the evaluation and management of status epilepticus. Neurocrit Care. 2012;17:3–23.
Laccheo I, Sonmezturk H, Bhatt AB, et al. Non-convulsive status epilepticus and non-convulsive seizures in neurological ICU patients. Neurocrit Care. 2014.
Towne AR, Waterhouse EJ, Boggs JG, et al. Prevalence of nonconvulsive status epilepticus in comatose patients. Neurology. 2000;54:340–5.
Oddo M, Carrera E, Claassen J, Mayer SA, Hirsch LJ. Continuous electroencephalography in the medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2009;37:2051–6.
Kang BS, Jhang Y, Kim YS, et al. Etiology and prognosis of non-convulsive status epilepticus. J Clin Neurosci. 2014;21:1915–9.
Trinka E, Hofler J, Zerbs A. Causes of status epilepticus. Epilepsia. 2012;53 Suppl 4:127–38.
Vilstrup H, Amodio P, Bajaj J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver disease: 2014 Practice Guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases and the European Association for the Study of the Liver. Hepatology. 2014;60:715–35.
Tanaka H, Ueda H, Kida Y, Hamagami H, Tsuji T, Ichinose M. Hepatic encephalopathy with status epileptics: a case report. World J Gastroenterol. 2006;12:1793–4.
Jhun P, Kim H. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in hepatic encephalopathy. West J Emerg Med. 2011;12:372–4.
Kaplan PW. The EEG, in metabolic encephalopathy and coma. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2004;21:307–18.
Ficker DM, Westmoreland BF, Sharbrough FW. Epileptiform abnormalities in hepatic encephalopathy. J Clin Neurophysiol. 1997;14:230–4.
Kaplan PW, Rossetti AO. EEG patterns and imaging correlations in encephalopathy: encephalopathy part II. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2011;28:233–51.
Wszolek ZK, Steg RE. Seizures after orthotopic liver transplantation. Seizure. 1997;6:31–9.
Butterworth R. Neuronal cell death in hepatic encephalopathy. Metab Brain Dis. 2007;22:309–20.
Garcia-Martinez R, Rovira A, Alonso J, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy is associated with posttransplant cognitive function and brain volume. Liver Transpl. 2011;17:38–46.
Delanty N, French JA, Labar DR, Pedley TA, Rowan AJ. Status epilepticus arising de novo in hospitalized patients: an analysis of 41 patients. Seizure. 2001;10:116–9.
Martinez-Rodriguez JE, Barriga FJ, Santamaria J, et al. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus associated with cephalosporins in patients with renal failure. Am J Med. 2001;111:115–9.
Chow KM, Wang AY, Hui AC, Wong TY, Szeto CC, Li PK. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus in peritoneal dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:400–5.
Iftikhar S, Dahbour S, Nauman S. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus: high incidence in dialysis-dependent patients. Hemodial Int. 2007;11:392–7.
Faigle R, Sutter R, Kaplan PW. Electroencephalography of encephalopathy in patients with endocrine and metabolic disorders. J Clin Neurophysiol. 2013;30:505–16.
Castilla-Guerra L, del Carmen F-MM, Lopez-Chozas JM, Fernandez-Bolanos R. Electrolytes disturbances and seizures. Epilepsia. 2006;47:1990–8.
Wada A, Suzuki Y, Midorikawa S, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone elevation misdiagnosed as subclinical hypothyroidism following non-convulsive status epilepticus: a case report. J Med Case Reports. 2011;5:432.
Rocco M, Pro S, Alessandri E, Vicenzini E, Mecarelli O. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus induced by acute hypothyroidism in a critically ill patient. Intensive Care Med. 2011;37:553–4.
Lodish M, Patronas NJ, Stratakis CA. Reversible posterior encephalopathy syndrome associated with micronodular adrenocortical disease and Cushing syndrome. Eur J Pediatr. 2010;169:125–6.
Sugita T, Nakajima M, Arai D, Kuwabara K, Kawamura M. Isolated ACTH deficiency presenting with a glucocorticoid-responsive triphasic wave coma. Intern Med. 2012;51:1913–5.
Hosokawa K, Gaspard N, Su F, Oddo M, Vincent JL, Taccone F. Clinical neurophysiological assessment of sepsis-associated brain dysfunction: a systematic review. Crit Care. 2014;18:674.
Ebersoldt M, Sharshar T, Annane D. Sepsis-associated delirium. Intensive Care Med. 2007;33:941–50.
Cordelli DM, Masetti R, Bernardi B, et al. Status epilepticus as a main manifestation of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2012;58:785–90.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nazzal, Y., DeWolfe, J.L. (2017). Non-neurologic Causes of Nonconvulsive Status Epilepticus/Nonconvulsive Seizures. In: Husain, A., Sinha, S. (eds) Continuous EEG Monitoring. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31230-9_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31230-9_20
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31228-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31230-9
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)