Skip to main content

Promoting Walking via Ease of Wayfinding

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 1452 Accesses

Abstract

Walking is an important health and travel behavior which has become less popular over the years. Among the many factors behind this decreased popularity are the auto-centric community environments that discourage walking. Walkable communities are gaining increasing acceptance as a way to promote walking, and studies have identified various built environmental factors associated with walking. However, community features related to wayfinding have not been fully considered as components of walkable communities. This chapter brings attention to wayfinding as an important topic to be added to the current discussions on walkable communities and as an integral element of a walkable community that requires further attention by researchers, practitioners, and policy makers. The first half of the chapter focuses on the importance of wayfinding in promoting walking and discusses conceptual links among walking, community environments, and wayfinding. The second half is devoted to discussing implications for policies and practices and the guiding principles to promote walking via ease of wayfinding.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agrawal, A. W., & Schimek, P. (2007). Extent and correlates of walking in the USA. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 12(8), 548–563. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2007.07.005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apelt, R., Crawford, J., & Hogan, J. (2007). Wayfinding system audit. Brisbane: CRC for Construction Innovation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Badland, H., Whitzman, C., Lowe, M., Davern, M., Aye, L., Butterworth, I., et al. (2014). Urban liveability: Emerging lessons from Australia for exploring the potential for indicators to measure the social determinants of health. Social Science & Medicine, 111, 64–73. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.04.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balfour, J. L., & Kaplan, G. A. (2002). Neighborhood environment and loss of physical function in older adults: Evidence from the Alameda County Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(6), 507–515. doi:10.1093/aje/155.6.507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borst, H. C., de Vries, S. I., Graham, J. M., van Dongen, J. E., Bakker, I., & Miedema, H. M. (2009). Influence of environmental street characteristics on walking route choice of elderly people. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 29(4), 477–484. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.08.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bovy, P. H., & Stern, E. (1990). Route choice: Wayfinding in transport networks, Series: Studies in operational regional science (Vol. 9). Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brownson, R. C., Housemann, R. A., Brown, D. R., Jackson-Thompson, J., King, A. C., Malone, B. R., et al. (2000). Promoting physical activity in rural communities: Walking trail access, use, and effects. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 18(3), 235–241. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(99)00165-8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doescher, M. P., Lee, C., Berke, E. M., Adachi-Mejia, A. M., Lee, C.-K., Stewart, O., et al. (2014). The built environment and utilitarian walking in small US towns. Preventive Medicine, 69, 80–86. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.027.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G. W., Brennan, P. L., Skorpanich, M. A., & Held, D. (1984). Cognitive mapping and elderly adults: Verbal and location memory for urban landmarks. Journal of Gerontology, 39(4), 452–457. doi:10.1093/geronj/39.4.452.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farren, L. (2014). Mall walking: Evaluating the evidence to create an evidence-informed mall walking program resource guide. In 142nd APHA annual meeting and exposition (November 15–November 19, 2014), APHA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frieden, T. R. (2010). A framework for public health action: The health impact pyramid. American Journal of Public Health, 100(4), 590–595. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.185652.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gauvin, L., Riva, M., Barnett, T., Richard, L., Craig, C. L., Spivock, M., et al. (2008). Association between neighborhood active living potential and walking. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167(8), 944–953. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm391.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, L. W. (2006). Public health asks of systems science: To advance our evidence-based practice, can you help us get more practice-based evidence? American Journal of Public Health, 96(3), 406–409. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2005.066035.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg, E. W., Gerzoff, R. B., Caspersen, C. J., Williamson, D. F., & Narayan, K. V. (2003). Relationship of walking to mortality among US adults with diabetes. Archives of Internal Medicine, 163(12), 1440–1447. doi:10.1001/archinte.163.12.1440.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustat, J., Rice, J., Parker, K. M., Becker, A. B., & Farley, T. A. (2012). Effect of changes to the neighborhood built environment on physical activity in a low-income African American neighborhood. Preventing chronic disease, 9, E57. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd9.110165.

  • Hernandez, R., Kershaw, K. N., Prohaska, T. R., Wang, P.-C., Marquez, D. X., & Sarkisian, C. A. (2015). The cross-sectional and longitudinal association between perceived neighborhood walkability characteristics and depressive symptoms in older Latinos: The “¡Caminemos!” study. Journal of Aging and Health, 27(3), 551–568. doi:10.1177/0898264314553211.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, J. A., Diez Roux, A. V., Moore, K. A., Evenson, K. R., & Rodriguez, D. A. (2014). Change in walking and body mass index following residential relocation: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. American Journal of Public Health, 104(3), e49–e56. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2013.301773.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kealey, M., Kruger, J., Hunter, R., Ivey, S., Satariano, W., Bayles, C., et al. (2005). Engaging older adults to be more active where they live: Audit tool development. In Proceedings of the 19th national conference on chronic disease prevention and control. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, J., Rosenberg, D., & Frank, L. (2012). The role of the built environment in healthy aging community design, physical activity, and health among older adults. Journal of Planning Literature, 27(1), 43–60. doi:10.1177/0885412211415283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, A. C., Sallis, J. F., Frank, L. D., Saelens, B. E., Cain, K., Conway, T. L., et al. (2011). Aging in neighborhoods differing in walkability and income: Associations with physical activity and obesity in older adults. Social Science & Medicine, 73(10), 1525–1533. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.08.032.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., & Moudon, A. V. (2004). Physical activity and environment research in the health field: Implications for urban and transportation planning practice and research. Journal of Planning Literature, 19(2), 147–181. doi:10.1177/0885412204267680.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., & Moudon, A. V. (2006). Correlates of walking for transportation or recreation purposes. Journal of Physical Activity & Health, 3, S77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C., Zhu, X., Yoon, J., & Varni, J. W. (2013). Beyond distance: Children’s school travel mode choice. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 45(1), 55–67. doi:10.1007/s12160-012-9432-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leinberger, C., & Alfonzo, M. (2012). Walk this way: The economic promise of walkable places in metropolitan. Washington, DC: Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leyden, K. M. (2003). Social capital and the built environment: The importance of walkable neighborhoods. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1546–1551. doi:10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1546.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W., Procter-Gray, E., Lipsitz, L. A., Leveille, S. G., Hackman, H., Biondolillo, M., et al. (2014). Utilitarian walking, neighborhood environment, and risk of outdoor falls among older adults. American Journal of Public Health, 104(9), e30–e37. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2014.302104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Li, W., Joh, K., Lee, C., Kim, J., Park, H., & Woo, A. (2015). Assessing Benefits of walkability to single family property values: A hedonic study in Austin. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 35(4), 471–488.

    Google Scholar 

  • Litman, T. A. (2003). Economic value of walkability. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1828(1), 3–11. doi:10.3141/1828-01.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lund, H. (2003). Testing the claims of new urbanism: Local access, pedestrian travel, and neighboring behaviors. Journal of the American Planning Association, 69(4), 414–429. doi:10.1080/01944360308976328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J. D., Brauer, M., & Frank, L. D. (2009). Healthy neighborhoods: Walkability and air pollution. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117(11), 1752–1759. doi:10.1289/ehp.0900595.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Middleton, J. (2009). The promotion of London as a ‘walkable city’ and overlapping walks of life. In R. Imrie, L. Lees, & M. Raco (Eds.), Regenerating London: Governance, sustainability and community in a global city (pp. 75–92). Oxon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moudon, A. V., & Lee, C. (2003). Walking and bicycling: An evaluation of environmental audit instruments. American Journal of Health Promotion, 18(1), 21–37. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, C. L., Carlson, N. E., Bosworth, M., & Michael, Y. L. (2008). The relation between neighborhood built environment and walking activity among older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology, 168(4), 461–468. doi:10.1093/aje/kwn158.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nathan, A., Pereira, G., Foster, S., Hooper, P., Saarloos, D., & Giles-Corti, B. (2012). Access to commercial destinations within the neighbourhood and walking among Australian older adults. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9, e133. doi:10.1186/1479-5868-9-133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nwogugu, M. (2006). Site selection in the US retailing industry. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 182(2), 1725–1734. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2005.12.050.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Owen, N., Humpel, N., Leslie, E., Bauman, A., & Sallis, J. F. (2004). Understanding environmental influences on walking: Review and research agenda. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(1), 67–76. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2004.03.006.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parks, S., Housemann, R., & Brownson, R. C. (2003). Differential correlates of physical activity in urban and rural adults of various socioeconomic backgrounds in the United States. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 57(1), 29–35. doi:10.1136/jech.57.1.29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perdikaki, O., Kesavan, S., & Swaminathan, J. M. (2012). Effect of traffic on sales and conversion rates of retail stores. Manufacturing and Service Operations Management, 14(1), 145–162. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/msom.1110.0356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Renalds, A., Smith, T. H., & Hale, P. J. (2010). A systematic review of built environment and health. Family & Community Health, 33(1), 68–78. doi:10.1097/FCH.0b013e3181c4e2e5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, R., Robertson, A., Jepson, R., & Maxwell, M. (2012). Walking for depression or depressive symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 5(1), 66–75. doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2012.03.002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roe, J., & Aspinall, P. (2011). The restorative benefits of walking in urban and rural settings in adults with good and poor mental health. Health & Place, 17(1), 103–113. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.09.003.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saelens, B. E., & Handy, S. L. (2008). Built environment correlates of walking: A review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 40(7 Suppl), S550–S566. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c67a4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sallis, J. F., & Glanz, K. (2009). Physical activity and food environments: Solutions to the obesity epidemic. Milbank Quarterly, 87(1), 123–154. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00550.x.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sallis, J. F., Cervero, R. B., Ascher, W., Henderson, K. A., Kraft, M. K., & Kerr, J. (2006). An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annual Review of Public Health, 27, 297–322. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.27.021405.102100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sallis, J. F., Owen, N., & Fisher, E. B. (2008). Ecological models of health behavior. Health Behavior and Health Education: Theory, Research, and Practice, 4, 465–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sallis, J. F., Saelens, B. E., Frank, L. D., Conway, T. L., Slymen, D. J., Cain, K. L., et al. (2009). Neighborhood built environment and income: Examining multiple health outcomes. Social Science & Medicine, 68(7), 1285–1293. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.01.017.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seneviratne, P., & Morrall, J. (1985). Analysis of factors affecting the choice of route of pedestrians. Transportation Planning and Technology, 10(2), 147–159. doi:10.1080/03081068508717309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shigematsu, R., Sallis, J., Conway, T., Saelens, B., Frank, L., Cain, K., et al. (2009). Age differences in the relation of perceived neighborhood environment to walking. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 41(2), 314–321. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318185496c.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shimura, H., Sugiyama, T., Winkler, E., & Owen, N. (2012). High neighborhood walkability mitigates declines in middle-to-older aged adults’ walking for transport. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 9(7), 1004.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Signage Foundation. (2013). Urban wayfinding planning and implementation manual. International Sign Association. Alexandria, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simon, S. L., Walsh, D. A., Regnier, V. A., & Krauss, I. K. (1992). Spatial cognition and neighborhood use: The relationship in older adults. Psychology and Aging, 7(3), 389–394. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1037//0882-7974.7.3.389.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sohn, D. W., Moudon, A. V., & Lee, J. (2012). The economic value of walkable neighborhoods. Urban Design International, 17(2), 115–128. doi:10.1057/udi.2012.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • State of Victoria. (2011). You are here: A guide to pedestrian wayfinding. Australia: State of Victoria.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, T., Neuhaus, M., Cole, R., Giles-Corti, B., & Owen, N. (2012). Destination and route attributes associated with adults’ walking: A review. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44(7), 1275–1286. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318247d286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Transport for London. (2007). Legible London: Yellow book—A prototype wayfinding system for London. London: Applied Information Group for Transport for London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trowbridge, M. J., & Schmid, T. L. (2013). Built environment and physical activity promotion: Place based obesity prevention strategies. The Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, 41(s2), 46–51. doi:10.1111/jlme.12109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vainio, T. (2011). Designing multimodal tracks for mobile users in unfamiliar urban environments. Digital Creativity, 22(1), 26–39. doi:10.1080/14626268.2011.538929.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Cauwenberg, J., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., De Meester, F., Van Dyck, D., Salmon, J., Clarys, P., et al. (2011). Relationship between the physical environment and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review. Health & Place, 17(2), 458–469. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2010.11.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vandenberg, A. E., Hunter, R. H., Anderson, L. A., Bryant, L. L., Hooker, S. P., & Satariano, W. A. (2016). Walking and walkability: Is wayfinding a missing link? Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 13(2), 189–197. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2014-0577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walk Score. (2015a). http://www.walkscore.com. Accessed 18 Apr 2015.

  • Walk Score. (2015b). Walk score methodology. https://www.walkscore.com/methodology.shtml. Accessed 3 Feb 2015.

  • World Health Organization. (2009). Global health risks: Mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: World Health Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yen, I. H., Michael, Y. L., & Perdue, L. (2009). Neighborhood environment in studies of health of older adults: A systematic review. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 37(5), 455–463. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2009.06.022.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zeisel, J. (1984). Inquiry by design: Tools for environment-behaviour research (CUP Archive, Vol. 5). Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, X., & Lee, C. (2008). Walkability and safety around elementary schools: Economic and ethnic disparities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(4), 282–290. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, X., & Lee, C. (2009). Correlates of walking to school and implications for public policies: Survey results from parents of elementary school children in Austin, Texas. Journal of Public Health Policy, 30, S177–S202. doi:10.1057/jphp.2008.51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu, X., Yu, C.-Y., Lee, C., Lu, Z., & Mann, G. (2014). A retrospective study on changes in residents’ physical activities, social interactions, and neighborhood cohesion after moving to a walkable community. Preventive Medicine, 69, S93–S97. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.08.013.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Chanam Lee Ph.D., MLA .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lee, C. (2016). Promoting Walking via Ease of Wayfinding. In: Hunter, R., Anderson, L., Belza, B. (eds) Community Wayfinding: Pathways to Understanding. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31072-5_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-31072-5_10

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-31070-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-31072-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics