Skip to main content

Orthopaedic Problems in the Critically Injured Patient

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Trauma and Combat Critical Care in Clinical Practice

Abstract

Polytrauma patients present significant challenges to intensivists and orthopaedic surgeons and benefit from a team approach to management. The challenges of identifying missed injuries, mitigating the risks of spinal injury, and the timing of multiple operations can only be overcome by careful and thorough shared care.

Once a patient is established on a treatment pathway, there are several avoidable and unavoidable complications, which ideally should be spotted early and treated urgently to avoid undesirable outcomes. Compartment syndrome remains one of the commonest and most challenging complications to detect, particularly in obtunded patients. Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion and be prepared to institute compartment pressure monitoring early. Rhabdomyolysis and fat embolism syndrome can also complicate management of the polytrauma patient.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 44.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Brooks A, Holroyd B, Riley B. Missed injury in major trauma patients. Injury. 2004;35(4):407–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Giannakopoulos GF et al. Missed injuries during the initial assessment in a cohort of 1124 level-1 trauma patients. Injury. 2012;43(9):1517–21.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Chen C-W et al. Incidence rate and risk factors of missed injuries in major trauma patients. Accid Anal Prev. 2011;43(3):823–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Thomson CB, Greaves I. Missed injury and the tertiary trauma survey. Injury. 2008;39(1):107–14.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Webber-Jones JE, Thomas CA, Bordeaux Jr RE. The management and prevention of rigid cervical collar complications. Orthop Nurs. 2002;21(4):19–25; quiz 25–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Mobbs RJ, Stoodley MA, Fuller J. Effect of cervical hard collar on intracranial pressure after head injury. ANZ J Surg. 2002;72(6):389–91.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Sundstrom T et al. Prehospital use of cervical collars in trauma patients: a critical review. J Neurotrauma. 2014;31(6):531–40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  8. Benger J, Blackham J. Why do we put cervical collars on conscious trauma patients? Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2009;17:44.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. James CY et al. Comparison of cervical spine motion during application among 4 rigid immobilization collars. J Athl Train. 2004;39(2):138–45.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Podolsky S et al. Efficacy of cervical spine immobilization methods. J Trauma. 1983;23(6):461–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Hauswald M et al. Out-of-hospital spinal immobilization: its effect on neurologic injury. Acad Emerg Med. 1998;5(3):214–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Dunham CM et al. Risks associated with magnetic resonance imaging and cervical collar in comatose, blunt trauma patients with negative comprehensive cervical spine computed tomography and no apparent spinal deficit. Crit Care. 2008;12(4):R89.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. BOA, BOAST 2 version 2: Spinal clearance in the trauma patient, in British Orthopaedic Association Standards for Trauma. London: British Orthopaedic Association; 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  14. D’Alleyrand J-CG, O’Toole RV. The evolution of damage control orthopedics. Orthop Clin. North Am. 2013;44(4):499–507.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Faist E et al. Multiple organ failure in polytrauma patients. J Trauma. 1983;23(9):775–87.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Nahm NJ et al. Early appropriate care: definitive stabilization of femoral fractures within 24 hours of injury is safe in most patients with multiple injuries. J Trauma. 2011;71(1):175–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Giannoudis PV. Surgical priorities in damage control in polytrauma. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85(4):478–83.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. O’Toole RV et al. Resuscitation before stabilization of femoral fractures limits acute respiratory distress syndrome in patients with multiple traumatic injuries despite low use of damage control orthopedics. J Trauma. 2009;67(5):1013–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Pape HC et al. Major secondary surgery in blunt trauma patients and perioperative cytokine liberation: determination of the clinical relevance of biochemical markers. J Trauma. 2001;50(6):989–1000.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Tuttle MS et al. Safety and efficacy of damage control external fixation versus early definitive stabilization for femoral shaft fractures in the multiple-injured patient. J Trauma. 2009;67(3):602–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Bonner TJ et al. Accurate placement of a pelvic binder improves reduction of unstable fractures of the pelvic ring. J Bone Joint Surg Br Vol. 2011;93-B(11):1524–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ruatti S et al. Which pelvic ring fractures are potentially lethal? Injury. 2015;46(6):1059–63.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Ierardi A, et al. The role of endovascular treatment of pelvic fracture bleeding in emergency settings. Eur Radiol. 2015:1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pfeifer R, Pape H-C. Missed injuries in trauma patients: a literature review. Patient Saf Surg. 2008;2:20.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Farrow C, Bodenham A, Troxler M. Acute limb compartment syndromes. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain. 2011;11(1):24–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Kosir R et al. Acute lower extremity compartment syndrome (ALECS) screening protocol in critically ill trauma patients. J Trauma. 2007;63(2):268–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Wall CJ, Santamaria J. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an unusual cause of acute limb compartment syndrome. Anaesth Intensive Care. 2010;38(3):560–2.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Köstler W, Strohm PC, Südkamp NP. Acute compartment syndrome of the limb. Injury. 2005;36(8):992–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Torres PA et al. Rhabdomyolysis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment. Ochsner J. 2015;15(1):58–69.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  30. Shaikh N. Emergency management of fat embolism syndrome. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2009;2(1):29–33.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Gossling HR, Pellegrini Jr VD. Fat embolism syndrome: a review of the pathophysiology and physiological basis of treatment. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1982;165:68–82.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Baker PL, Pazell JA, Peltier LF. Free fatty acids, catecholamines, and arterial hypoxia in patients with fat embolism. J Trauma. 1971;11(12):1026–30.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Schonfeld SA et al. Fat embolism prophylaxis with corticosteroids. A prospective study in high-risk patients. Ann Intern Med. 1983;99(4):438–43.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Lindeque BG et al. Fat embolism and the fat embolism syndrome. A double-blind therapeutic study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1987;69(1):128–31.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Kwiatt ME, Seamon MJ. Fat embolism syndrome. Int J Crit Illness Injury Sci. 2013;3(1):64–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Behrman SW et al. Improved outcome with femur fractures: early vs. delayed fixation. J Trauma. 1990;30(7):792–7; discussion 797–8.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Cipriano CA, Pill SG, Keenan MA. Heterotopic ossification following traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009;17(11):689–97.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Edwards DS, Clasper JC, Patel HD. Heterotopic ossification in victims of the London 7/7 bombings. J R Army Med Corps. 2015;161(4):345–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Edward Spurrier BM MD (Res) MRCS FRCS (Tr&Orth) .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Crown Copyright

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Spurrier, E., Stapley, S.A. (2016). Orthopaedic Problems in the Critically Injured Patient. In: Hutchings, S. (eds) Trauma and Combat Critical Care in Clinical Practice. In Clinical Practice. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28758-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28758-4_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-28756-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-28758-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics