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References
General References
Jones IP (2002) Determining the Locations of Chemical Species in Ordered Compounds: ALCHEMI. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics 125:63–117
Spence JCH, Taftø J (1983) ALCHEMI: a New Technique for Locating Atoms in Small Crystals. J Microsc 130:147–154
Taftø J, Krivanek OL (1982) Site-Specific Valence Determination by Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 48:560–563
Specific References
Anderson IM, Bentley J (1994) ALCHEMI formulated for delocalization and anti-site defects Proc. ICEM13, Paris, France. vol. 1., p 609
Anderson IM, Duncan AJ, Bentley J (1995) Determination of Site Occupancies in Aluminide intermetallics by ALCHEMI. High Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys, vol. 64. MRS, Pittsburgh PA, pp 443–448
Anderson IM, Duncan AJ, Bentley J (1999) Site-distributions of Fe Alloying Additions to B2-ordered NiAl. Intermetallics 7:1017–1024
Banerjee D, Gogia AK, Nandi TK, Joshi VA (1988) A New Ordered Orthorhombic Phase in a Ti3AlNb Alloy. Acta Metall 36:871–882
Bastow TJ, Rossouw CJ (1998) Lattice Site Determination of Dilute Cu in β-phase NiAl by 63 Cu Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and X-ray Emission Channelling Patterns. Philos Mag Letters 78:461–467
Bourdillon AJ, Self PG, Stobbs WM (1981) Crystallographic Orientation Effects in Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis. Philos Mag A 44:1335–1350
Bradley AJ, Taylor A (1937) An X-ray analysis of the nickel-aluminium system. Proc Roy Soc A159:56–62
Darolia R, Lahrman DF, Field RD, Freeman AJ (1989) Alloy Modeling and Experimental Correlation for Ductility Enhancement in NiAl High Temperature Ordered Intermetallic Alloys III. MRS, Pittsburgh PA, pp 113–118
Field RD, Lahrman DF, Darolia R (1991) The Effect of Alloying on Slip Systems in Oriented NiAl Single Crystals. Acta Metall Mater 39:2961–2969
Hou D-H, Fraser HL (1997) The Ordering Scheme in Nb Aluminides with the B2 Crystal Structure. Scripta Mater 36:617–623
Jiang N, Hou D-H, Jones IP, Fraser HL (1999) Optimizing the ALCHEMI Technique. Philos Mag A 79:2525–2538
Jones IP (2002) Determining the Locations of Chemical Species in Ordered Compounds: ALCHEMI. Advances in Imaging and Electron Physics 125:63–117
Klie RF, Arslan I, Browning ND (2005) Atomic Resolution Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. J. Elect Spect Rel Phenom 143:107–117
Matsumura S, Morimura T, Oki K (1991) An analytical electron-diffraction technique for the determination of long-range order parameters in multicomponent ordered alloys. Mat Trans JIM 32:905
Munroe PR, Baker I (1990) An ALCHEMI Investigation of Ternary Site Occupancy in NiAl-based Alloys. Proc XIIth ICEM, Seattle, U.S.A., pp 448–449
Munroe PR, Baker I (1992) Effect of Accelerating Voltage on Planar and Axial Channeling in Ordered Intermetallic Compounds. J Mater Res 7:2119–2125
Oxley MP, Allen LJ (2000) Atomic Scattering Factors for K- shell and L-shell Ionization by Fast Electrons. Acta Cryst A56:470–490
Pennycook SJ (1988a) Delocalization Corrections for Electron Channeling Analysis. Ultramicroscopy 26:239–248
Pennycook SJ (1988b) Impurity Lattice and Sublattice Location by Electron Channeling. Scanning Microscopy 2:21–30
Rossouw CJ, Miller PR (1999a) Analysis of Incoherent Channelling Patterns Formed by X-ray Emission from Host Lattice Species and Interstitial Cr in Mullite. J Electron Microsc 48:849–864
Rossouw CJ, Miller PR (1999b) Location of Interstitial Cr in Mullite by Incoherent Channeling Patterns from Characteristic X-ray Emission. Am Mineral 84(5–6):965–969
Rossouw CJ, Forwood CT, Gibson MA, Miller PR (1996) Statistical ALCHEMI – General Formulation and Method With Application to Ti-Al Ternary Alloys. Philos Mag A 74:57–76
Sarosi PM, Hriljac JA, Jones IP (2003) Atom Location by Channelling-enhanced Microanalysis and the Ordering of Ti2AlNb. Philos Mag 83:4031–4044
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Appendix
Appendix
15.1.1 People
Since this is such a young field we decided not to highlight any particular historical characters.
15.1.2 Questions on Analyzing Data
The questions for this chapter are all in the form of exercises. The references for each question are listed on the book’s website.
- Q15.1:
-
Shindo et al. (1986) reported the following X-ray counts from an ALCHEMI experiment in Ti43Al55 Nb2 using the {110} systematic row. What can you deduce about the Nb occupancy of the two sublattices (Al : A; T i: B)?
Ti43Al55Nb2 | s < 0 | s > 0 | kin | R −/∞ | R +/∞ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al K | 54 154 | 51 713 | 47 139 | 1.149 | 1.097 |
Ti K | 112 471 | 55 584 | 61 924 | 1.816 | 0.898 |
Nb L | 6702 | 3275 | 3800 | 1.764 | 0.862 |
Ti/Al | 2.080 | 1.070 | 1.310 | Â | Â |
Nb/Al | 0.124 | 0.063 | 0.081 | Â | Â |
Nb/Ti | 0.060 | 0.059 | 0.061 | Â | Â |
- Q15.2:
-
Miyazaki et al. (1994) reported the following ALCHEMI data for 3 Ni3Al-Re alloys (110 systematic row). What can you conclude?
Ni75Al23Re2 | s < 0 | s > 0 | kin | R −/∞ | R +/∞ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al K | 50 000 | 50 000 | 50 000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Ni K | 346 577 | 302 348 | 338 567 | 1.024 | 0.893 |
Re M | 4874 | 4471 | 4668 | 1.044 | 0.958 |
Ni/Al | 6.93 | 6.05 | 6.77 | Â | Â |
Re/Al | 0.097 | 0.089 | 0.093 | Â | Â |
Re/Ti | 0.014 | 0.015 | 0.014 | Â | Â |
Ni74Al24Re2 | s < 0 | s > 0 | kin | R −/∞ | R +/∞ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al K | 50 000 | 50 000 | 50 000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Ni K | 386 035 | 317 837 | 347 658 | 1.110 | 0.914 |
Re M | 1955 | 2071 | 1994 | 0.980 | 1.039 |
Ni/Al | 7.72 | 6.36 | 6.95 | Â | Â |
Re/Al | 0.039 | 0.041 | 0.040 | Â | Â |
Re/Ti | 0.005 | 0.007 | 0.006 | Â | Â |
Ni73Al25Re2 | s < 0 | s > 0 | kin | R −/∞ | R +/∞ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al K | 50 000 | 50 000 | 50 000 | 1.000 | 1.000 |
Ni K | 353 685 | 279 999 | 267 209 | 1.324 | 1.048 |
Re M | 4084 | 3977 | 4090 | 0.999 | 0.972 |
Ni/Al | 7.07 | 5.60 | 5.34 | Â | Â |
Re/Al | 0.082 | 0.079 | 0.082 | Â | Â |
Re/Ti | 0.012 | 0.014 | 0.015 | Â | Â |
- Q15.3:
-
The following intensity data from an ALCHEMI experiment on Ti47.5Al47.5Mn5 were reported by Holmestad et al. (1995). A 001 systematic row was used. Where are the Mn atoms?
Ti47.5Al47.5Mn5 | s < 0 | s > 0 | kin | R −/∞ | R +/∞ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al K | 475.9 | 461.7 | 667.3 | 0.713 | 0.692 |
Ti K | 1261.4 | 960.4 | 1834.1 | 0.688 | 0.524 |
Mn K | 132.6 | 116.0 | 184.3 | 0.719 | 0.629 |
Ti/Al | 2.65 | 2.08 | 2.75 | Â | Â |
Mn/Al | 0.279 | 0.251 | 0.276 | Â | Â |
Mn/Ti | 0.105 | 0.121 | 0.100 | Â | Â |
- Q15.4:
-
Nakata et al. (1991) reported the following X-ray data collected during an ALCHEMI experiment using a {100} systematic row in B2 Ti48.5Ni48.5Co3. What can you deduce?
Ti48.5Ni48.5 Co3 | s < 0 | s > 0 | kin | R −/∞ | R +/∞ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ti K | 53 993 | 50 803 | 53 086 | 1.017 | 0.957 |
Ni K | 44 698 | 56 126 | 54 676 | 0.818 | 1.027 |
Co K | 3303 | 4192 | 4036 | 0.818 | 1.039 |
Ni/Ti | 0.828 | 1.105 | 1.030 | Â | Â |
Co/Ti | 0.061 | 0.083 | 0.076 | Â | Â |
Co/Ni | 0.074 | 0.075 | 0.074 | Â | Â |
- Q15.5:
-
Gu et al. (1997) report the following for a {110} row in Ni73.9Al25.4Zr0.7. Comment on these results.
 | s < 0 | s > 0 |
---|---|---|
Al/Ni | 0.273 | 0.179 |
Zr/Al | 0.883 | 0.877 |
Zr/Ni | 0.241 | 0.157 |
- Q15.6:
-
The following table shows some of the results reported by Horita et al. (1995). Where does the Ta sit?
Ni75Al21Ta4 | s < 0 | s > 0 | kin | R −/∞ | R +/∞ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Al K | 15 590 | 14 060 | 15 201 | 1.026 | 0.925 |
Ni K | 161 533 | 130 984 | 149 790 | 1.233 | 0.874 |
Ta M | 10 840 | 9742 | 10 706 | 1.013 | 0.910 |
Ni/Al | 10.4 | 9.3 | 9.9 | Â | Â |
Ta/Al | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.70 | Â | Â |
Ta/Ni | 0.067 | 0.074 | 0.071 | Â | Â |
- Q15.7:
-
The same group as in Q15.6 (but a different paper by Horita et al. (1997)) reported some axial channeling ALCHEMI results on the same alloy. What is the answer now?
Ni75Al21Ta4 | Axial | kin | R ax/∞ |
---|---|---|---|
Al K | 2020 | 1746 | 1.157 |
Ni K | 15 282 | 8843 | 1.728 |
Ta L | 814 | 631 | 1.290 |
Ni/Al | 7.57 | 5.06 | Â |
Ta/Al | 0.403 | 0.361 | Â |
Ta/Ni | 0.053 | 0.071 | Â |
- Q15.8:
-
Chen et al. (1990) reported the following NiK/AlK X-ray intensity ratios for Ni3Al. What do you deduce?
 | s < 0 | kin |
---|---|---|
110 | 7.4 | 5.2 |
111 | 6.1 |
- Q15.9:
-
Leonard et al. (2000) reported the following X-ray intensity ratios for the Nb50Ti25Al25 {100} B2 systematic row. What are the chemical compositions of the two sublattices?
Nb50Ti25Al25 | s < 0 | s > 0 | kin |
---|---|---|---|
Al K/Nb L | 0.288 | 0.427 | 0.384 |
Ti K/Nb L | 0.625 | 0.515 | 0.585 |
Al K/Ti K | 0.460 | 0.829 | 0.656 |
- Q15.10:
-
Analyzing the B2 alloy Ti47V30Cr14Al10, Li et al. (1998) made the following ALCHEMI measurements. What can you say about the compositions of the two sublattices?
Ti47V30Cr14Al10 | s < 0 | s > 0 | kin |
---|---|---|---|
Cr/Ti | 0.282 | 0.283 | 0.268 |
Al/Ti | 0.079 | 0.101 | 0.095 |
V/Ti | 0.568 | 0.682 | 0.645 |
Al/V | 0.140 | 0.148 | 0.147 |
Cr/V | 0.496 | 0.414 | 0.416 |
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Jones, I. (2016). Diffraction & X-Ray Excitation. In: Carter, C., Williams, D. (eds) Transmission Electron Microscopy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26651-0_15
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