Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Tumor-like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract Caused by Fungal Infections

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract

  • 188 Accesses

Abstract

Systemic Candida infections (candidiasis), most commonly observed in immunosuppressed and/or neutropenic individuals, can induce several types of hepatic lesions. They comprise disseminated or miliary hepatic candidiasis, granulomatous hepatitis, candidal liver abscess, Candida pseudotumor (“candidoma”), and candidal cholangitis. Large nodular lesions show a complex histology with necrosis, purulent inflammation, and eventually a granulomatous reaction. A similar spectrum of lesions is induced by cryptococcosis, with formation of miliary lesions, abscesses, and hepatic cryptococcoma. Macroabscesses and pseudotumors of the liver are also induced in the setting of zygomycosis including mucormycosis and in systemic aspergillosis. In the latter, aspergillomas and hepatic pseudotumors are sometimes associated with angioinvasive mycosis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abella E, Ribera JM, Humbert P, Escribano C (1990) Focal hepatosplenic candidiasis in a female patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia (in Spanish). Med Clin (Barc) 95:718

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abu Al Rub F, Whitt K, Tombazzi C (2009) Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting with biliary obstruction and duodenal ulcer. Tenn Med 102:45–46

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aguirre AR, Balbo BE, Ianhez LE, da Costa MC, Andrade L (2007) Hypercalcemia and suppressed PTH levels in a renal transplant patient infected with Pneumocystis carinii. Ren Fail 29:513–516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed B, Jaspan JB (1993) Case report: hypercalcemia in a patient with AIDS and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Am J Med Sci 306:313–316

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Asiri RH, Van Dijken PJ, Mahmood MA, Al-Shahed MS, Rossi ML, Osoba AO (1996) Isolated hepatic mucormycosis in an immunocompetent child. Am J Gastroenterol 91:606–607

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Albert-Braun S, Venema F, Bausch J, Hunfeld KP, Schäfer V (2005) Cryptococcus neoformans peritonitis in a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis: case report and review of the literature. Infection 33:282–288

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez OA, Vanegas F, Maze GL, Gross GW, Lee M (2000) Polymicrobial cholangitis and liver abscess in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. South Med J 93:232–234

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Annunziata GM, Blackstone M, Hart J, Piper J, Baker AL (1997) Candida (Torulopsis glabrata) liver abscesses eight years after orthotopic liver transplantation. J Clin Gastroenterol 24:176–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anttila VJ, Ruutu P, Bondestam S, Jansson SE, Nordling S, Färkkilä M, Sivonen A et al (1994) Hepatosplenic yeast infection in patients with acute leukemia: a diagnostic problem. Clin Infect Dis 18:979–981

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anttila VJ, Elonen E, Nordling S, Sivonen A, Ruutu T, Ruutu P (1997) Hepatosplenic candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia: incidence and prognostic implications. Clin Infect Dis 24:375–380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ashbee HR, Evans EG, Viviani MA, Dupont B, Chryssanthou E, Surmont I, Tomsikova A et al (2008) Histoplasmosis in Europe: report on an epidemiological survey from the European Confederation of Medical Mycology Working Group. Med Mycol 46:57–65

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Awen C, Baltzan M (1971) Systemic dissemination of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Can Med Assoc J 104:809–812

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Badiee P, Alborzi A, Malekhosseini SA, Nikeghbalian S, Shkiba E (2010) Determining the incidence of aspergillosis after liver transplant. Exp Clin Transplant 8:220–223

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bartley DL, Hughes WT, Parvey LS, Parham D (1982) Computed tomography of hepatic and splenic fungal abscesses in leukemic children. Pediatr Infect Dis 1:317–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blade J, Lopez-Guillermo A, Rozman C, Granena A, Bruguera M, Bordas J, Cervantes F et al (1992) Chronic systemic candidiasis in acute leukemia. Ann Hematol 64:240–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandao A, Marroni CA, Cerski CT, Gleisner AL, Zanotelli ML, Cantisani G (2003) Zygomycosis following liver transplantation in adults: report of three cases (in Portuguese). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 36:729–733

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown J (2005) Zygomycosis: an emerging fungal infection. Am J Health Syst Pharm 62:2593–2596

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bucavalas JC, Bove KE, Kaufman RA, Gilchrist MJ, Oldham KT, Balistreri WF (1985) Cholangitis associated with Cryptococcus neoformans. Gastroenterology 88:1055–1059

    Google Scholar 

  • Busca A, Marmont F, Locatelli F, Limerutti G, Sorrentino MT, Barbui A, Patrono D et al (2010) Combined antifungal therapy, iron chelation and surgical resection as treatment of hepatic zygomycosis in a patient with haematological malignancy. Mycoses 53:275–278

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buschke A (1895) Ueber eine durch Coccidien hervegerufene krankheit des Menschen. Dtsch Med Wschr 21:14

    Google Scholar 

  • Busse O (1894) Ueber parasitäse zelleinschlüsse und ihre züchtung. Centralbl Bakt Parasiten Kole 16:175–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Callister et al. 2004. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1533665

  • Cano MV, Hajjeh RA (2001) The epidemiology of histoplasmosis: a review. Semin Respir Infect 16:109–118

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carini A (1910) Formas de eschizogonia de Trypanosoma lewisii. Soc Med Civ Sao Paulo 38:8

    Google Scholar 

  • Carosi G, Maccabruni A, Michelone G, Viale P, Cavanna C (1985) Primary hepatic aspergillosis: report of case. Boll Ist Sieroter Milan 64:324–325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carstensen H, Nilsson KO, Nettelblad SC, Cederlund CG, Hildell J (1986) Common bile duct obstruction due to an intraluminal mass of candidiasis in a previously healthy child. Pediatrics 77:858–861

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carstensen H, Widding E, Storm K, Ostergaard E, Herlin T (1990) Hepatosplenic candidiasis in children with cancer. Three cases in leukemic children and a literature review. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 7:3–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casadevall A, Perfect JR (1998) Cryptococcus neoformans. ASM Press, Washington, DC

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Casagrandi C (1931) Sulla presenza di Basidiobolus nell’uom. Riv Biol 13:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Chagas C (1909) Nova tripanozomiaze humana. Estudos sobre a morfolojia e ciclo evolutivo do Schizotrypanum cruzi n.gen.n.sp., ajente etiolojico de nova entidade morbida do homem. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 1:159–218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chailly P, Couturier E (1976) A case of mucormycosis with hepatic involvement (in French). Med Chir Dig 5:157–158

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheema MA (1995) Candia fungal ball obstruction of the common bile duct. Ann Saudi Med 15:69–70

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen GH, Lin LB (1990) Disseminated histoplasmosis capsulatum. A report of two autopsy cases. Chin Med J (Engl) 103:256–269

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen CC, Chang PY, Chen CL (1986) Refractory cholangitis after Kasai’s operation caused by candidiasis: a case report. J Pediatr Surg 21:736–737

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen SC, Marriott D, Playford EG, Nguyen Q, Ellis D, Meyer W, Sorrell TC, Slavin M et al (2009) Candidemia with uncommon Candida species: predisposing factors, outcome, antifungal susceptibility, and implications for management. Clin Microbiol Infect 15:662–669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Collins DN, Oppenheim IA, Edwards MR (1971) Cryptococcosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Pathol 910:78–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Colovic M, Lazarevic V, Colovic R, Jankovic G, Suvaydzic N, Bogdanovic A, Bila J (1999) Hepatosplenic candidiasis after neutropenic phase of acute leukaemia. Med Oncol 16:139–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cote RJ, Rosenblum M, Telzak EE, May M, Unger PD, Cartun RW (1990) Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection causing extrapulmonary organ failure: clinical, pathologic, and immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol 3:25–30

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cushion MT (1998) Taxonomy, genetic organization, and life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii. Semin Respir Infect 13:304–312

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cushion MT, Walzer PD, Smulian AG, Linke MJ, Ruffolo JJ et al (1997) Terminology for the life cycle of Pneumocystis carinii. Infect Immun 65:4365

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Daikos et al. 2005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16103483

  • Dalgic B, Bukulmez A, Sari S (2011) Pyogenic liver abscess and peritonitis due to Rhizopus oryzae in a child with Papillon-Lefevre syndrome. Eur J Pediatr 170:803–805

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Darling ST (1909) The morphology of the parasite (Histoplasma capsulatum) and the lesions of histoplasmosis, a fatal disease of tropical America. J Exp Med 11:515–531

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Davey RT, Margolis D, Kleiner D, Deyton L, Travis W (1989) Digital necrosis and disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. Ann Intern Med 111:681–682

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delanoe P, Delanoe M (1912) Sur les rapports des kystes de Carini du poumon des rats avec le Trypanosoma lewisi. C R Acad Sci 155:658–661

    Google Scholar 

  • Delclaux C, Schutz R, Calzolari M, Balloul E, Zango B (1992) Generalized histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma duboisii with mediastino-pulmonary infection. Cure after 15 months of treatment with ketoconazole (in French). Rev Mal Respir 9:559–560

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dembinski AS, Smith DM, Goldsmith JC, Woods GL (1991) Widespread dissemination of Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome receiving long-term treatment with aerosolized pentamidine. Am J Clin Pathol 95:96–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Diebel et al. 1996. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8862389

  • Domagk D, Bisping G, Poremba C, Fegeler W, Domschke W, Menzel J (2001) Common bile duct obstruction due to candidiasis. Scand J Gastroenterol 36:444–446

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Domagk D, Fegeler W, Conrad B, Menzel J, Domschke W, Kucharzik T (2006) Biliary tract candidiasis: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in a case series. Am J Gastroenterol 101:2530–2536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • El-Shabrawi MH, Kamal NM (2011) Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in children: an overlooked emerging infection ? J Med Microbiol 60:871–880

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erdem G, Caglar M, Ceyhan M, Akcoren Z, Kanra G (1996) Hepatic mucormycosis in a child with fulminant hepatic failure. Turk J Pediatr 38:511–514

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Escher M, Kainikkara TM, Grabner A, Ott G, Strange EF, Herrlinger KR (2012) Histoplasmosis: uncommon opportunistic infection in a patient with HIV infection (in German). Dtsch Med Wochenschr 137:260–264

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Falcone M, Massetti AP, Russo A, Vullo V, Venditti M (2011) Invasive aspergillosis in patients with liver disease. Med Mycol 49:406–413

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenaux P, Lemaitre L, Ajana F, Colcher-Plantier I, Jouet JP, Bauters F (1989) Hepatosplenic candidiasis: an overlooked cause of prolonged fever during recovery from an episode of neutropenia. Nouv Rev Fr Hematol 31:45–49

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feuerstein IM, Francis P, Raffeld M, Pluda J (1990) Widespread visceral calcifications in disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection: CT characteristics. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14:149–151

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filice C, Brunetti E, Carnevale G, Dughetti S, Pirola F, Rondanelli EG (1989) Ultrasonographic and microbiological diagnosis of mycetic liver abscesses in patients with AIDS. Microbiologica 12:101–104

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Filippi L, Poggi C, Gozzini E, Meleleo R, Mirabile L, Fiorini P (2009) Neonatal liver abscesses due to Candida infection effectively treated with caspofungin. Acta Paediatr 98:906–909

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein R, Wichtig C, Hashmonai M (1985) Candida albicans liver abscesses. Infection 13:243–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher J, Tuazon CU, Geelhoed GW (1980) Mucormycosis in transplant patients. Am Surg 46:315–322

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fishman EK, Magid D, Kuhlman JE (1990) Pneumocystis carinii involvement of the liver and spleen: CT demonstration. J Comput Assist Tomogr 14:146–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franca AV, Carneiro M, dal Sasso K, Souza Cda S, Martinelli A (2005) Cryptococcosis in cirrhotic patients. Mycoses 48:68–72

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Frater JL, Hall GS, Procop GW (2001) Histologic features of zygomycosis: emphasis on perineural invasion and fungal morphology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 125:375–378

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman E, Blahut RJ, Bender MD (1987) Hepatic abscesses and fungemia from Torulopsis glabrata. Successful treatment with percutaneous drainage and amphotericin B. J Clin Gastroenterol 9:711–715

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gavilan et al. 1998. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9611874

  • Goenka MK, Mehta S, Yachha SK, Nagi B, Chakraborty A, Malik AK (1995) Hepatic involvement culminating in cirrhosis in a child with disseminated cryptococcosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 20:57–60

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin RA, Shapiro JL, Thurman GH, Thurman SS, Des Prez RM (1980) Disseminated histoplasmosis: clinical and pathologic correlations. Medicine (Baltimore) 59:1–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon SC, Watts JC, Veneri RJ, Chandler FW (1990) Focal hepatic candidiasis with perihepatic adhesions: laparoscopic and immunohistologic diagnosis. Gastroenterology 98:214–217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gottfried E, Rehli M, Hahn J, Holler E, Andreesen R, Kreutz M (2006) Monocyte-derived cells express CYP27A1 and convert vitamin D3 into its active metabolite. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 349:209–213

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grimes MM, LaPook JD, Bar MH, Wasserman HS, Dwork A (1987) Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 18:307–308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grunebaum M, Ziv N, Kaplinsky C, Kornreich L, Horev G, Mor C (1991) Liver candidiasis. The various sonographic patterns in the immunocompromised child. Pediatr Radiol 21:497–500

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guan XQ, Zhou LC, Liao XG, Lin X, Li YY (2001) Pathological changes of diffuse Pneumocystis carinii infection in the liver of an AIDS patient (in Chinese). Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 19:236–238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gugnani HC (1999) A review of zygomycosis due to Basidiobolus ranarum. Eur J Epidemiol 15:923–929

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gugnani HC, Muotoe-Okafor F (1997) African histoplasmosis: a review. Rev Iberoam Micol 14:155–159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta NM, Chaudhary A, Talwar P (1985) Candidal obstruction of the common bile duct. Br J Surg 72:13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta BK, Kumar R, Kaur S, Khurana S (1993) Incidence of fungal infection in extra hepatic biliary disease. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 36:110–112

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haase G (1997) Pneumocystis carinii Delanoe & Delanoe (1912) has been placed in the Archiascomycetales, a class of the Ascomycota. Infect Immun 65:4365–4366

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hagopian WA, Huseby JS (1989) Pneumocystis hepatitis and choroiditis despite successful aerosolized pentamidine pulmonary prophylaxis. Chest 96:949–951

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hagspiel KD, Kempf W, Hailemariam S, Marincek B (1995) Mucormycosis of the liver: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 165:340–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hardy WD, Northfelt DW, Drake TA (1989) Fatal, disseminated pneumocystosis in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome receiving prophylactic aerosolized pentamidine. Am J Med 87:329–331

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haron E, Feld R, Tuffnell P, Patterson B, Hasselback R, Matlow A (1987) Hepatic candidiasis: an increasing problem in immunocompromised patients. Am J Med 83:17–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan T, Mikhail N, Cappell MS (1992) Extrapulmonic Pneumocystis carinii infection at a porta hepatis lymph node. Am J Gastroenterol 87:403–404

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henrich B, Schmitt M, Bergmann N, Zanger K, Kubitz R, Häussinger D, Pfeffer K (2010) Mycoplasma salivarium detected in a microbial community with Candida glabrata in the biofilm of an occluded biliary stent. J Med Microbiol 59:239–241

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hibino K, Samaranayake LP, Hägg U, Wong RW, Lee W (2009) The role of salivary factors in persistent oral carriage of Candida in humans. Arch Oral Biol 54:678–683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho B, Cooperberg PL, Li DK, Mack L, Naiman SC, Grossman L (1982) Ultrasonography and computed tomography of hepatic candidiasis in immunosuppressed patients. J Ultrasound Med 1:157–159

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ho F, Snape WJ, Venegas R, Lechago J, Klein S (1988) Choledochal fungal ball. An unusual cause of biliary obstruction. Dig Dis Sci 33:1030–1034

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hobson RP (2003) The global epidemiology of invasive Candida infections – is the tide turning? J Hosp Infect 55:159–168

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horn DL, Neofytos D, Anaissie EJ, Fishman JA, Steinbach WJ, Olyaei AJ, Marr KA et al (2009) Epidemiology and outcome of Candidemia in 2019 patients: data from the prospective antifungal therapy alliance registry. Clin Infect Dis 48:1695–1703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein MR, Musalam AO, Assiry MH, Eid RA, El Motawa AM, Gamel AM (2007) Histological and ultrastructural features of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis. Mycol Res 111:926–930

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ioannidis et al. 1995. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7620038

  • Irani M, Truong LD (1986) Candidiasis of the extrahepatic biliary tract. Arch Pathol Lab Med 110:1087–1090

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ishii H, Hiruma K, Morio S, Hirasawa A, Wakita H, Endoh N, Oh H, Yoshida S, Aotsuka N et al (1990) Multiple liver abscesses due to Candida albicans in a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia: percutaneous transhepatic intraportal administration of amphotericin B (in Japanese). Rinsho Ketsueki 31:330–334

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Itoh M, Oki M, Yanagi H, Oka A, Tajiri S, Fukuda R, Ozawa H, Takagi A (2012) Disseminated mucormycosis infection after a first course of dose-modified R-EPOCH for advanced-stage lymphoma. J Infect Chemother 18:395–398

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jariwalla A, Tulloch BR, Fox H, Kelly J, Davies R (1977) Disseminated histoplasmosis in an English patient with diabetes mellitus. Br Med J 1:1002–1004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jarnum S, Rasmussen EF, Ohlsen AS, Sorensen AW (1968) Generalized Pneumocystis carinii infection with severe idiopathic hypoproteinemia. Ann Intern Med 68:138–145

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson TL, Barnett JL, Appelman HD, Nostrant T (1988) Candida hepatitis. Histopathologic diagnosis. Am J Surg Pathol 12:716–720

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones JM (1981) Granulomatous hepatitis due to Candida albicans in patients with acute leukemia. Ann Intern Med 94:475–477

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahi CJ, Wheat LJ, Allen SD, Sarosi GA (2005) Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis. Am J Gastroenterol 100:220–231

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kapelusznik L, Arumugam V, Caplivski D, Bottone EJ (2011) Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as AIDS cholangiopathy. Mycoses 54:262–264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kauffman 2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17223625

  • Kauffman 2009. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19395629

  • Keane MA, Finlayson C, Joseph AE (1995) A histologic basis for the ‘sonographic snowstorm’ in opportunistic infection of the liver and spleen. Clin Radiol 50:220–222

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khan ZU, Khoursheed M, Makar R, Al-Waheeb S, Al-Bader I, Al-Muzaini A, Chandy R et al (2001) Basidiobolus ranarum as an etiologic agent of gastrointestinal zygomycosis. J Clin Microbiol 39:2360–2363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kian JL, Pohan A, Ni TE, van der Meulen H (1956) Basidiobolus ranarum as a cause of subcutaneous mycosis in Indonesia. AMA Arch Derm 74:378–383

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kibria R, Bari K, Ali SA, Barde CJ (2009) “Ohio River valley fever” presenting as isolated granulomatous hepatitis: a case report. South Med J 102:656–658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Choi BI, Han MC (1994) Cryptococcal cholangiohepatitis with intraductal cryptococcoma. AJR Am J Roentgenol 163:995–996

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kothari AA, Kothari KA (2004) Hepatobiliary dysfunction as initial manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis. Indian J Gastroenterol 23:145–146

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krcmery V, Barnes AJ (2002) Non-albicans Candida spp. causing fungemia: pathogenicity and antifungal resistance. J Hosp Infect 50:243–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kulaksiz H, Rudolph G, Kloeters-Plachky P, Sauer P, Geiss H, Stiehl A (2006) Biliary Candida infections in primary sclerosing cholangitis. J Hepatol 45:711–716

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon-Chung KJ (2012) Taxonomy of fungi causing mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis (zygomycosis) and nomenclature of the disease: molecular mycologic perspectives. Clin Infect Dis 54(suppl 1):S8–S15

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lai et al. 2005. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15786561

  • Lamps LW, Molina CP, West AB, Haggitt RC, Scott MA (2000) The pathologic spectrum of gastrointestinal and hepatic histoplasmosis. Am J Clin Pathol 113:64–72

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanjewar DN, Rao RJ, Kulkarni SB, Hira SK (2004) Hepatic pathology in AIDS: a pathological study from Mumbai. India HIV Med 5:251–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lanza FL, Nelson RS, Somayaji BN (1970) Acute granulomatous hepatitis due to histoplasmosis. Gastroenterology 58:392–396

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Latge JP (1999) Aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillosis. Clin Microbiol Rev 12:310–350

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lazo RF (1977) Hepatic histoplasmosis (in Spanish). Rev Ecuat Hig Med Trop 30:217–224

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee TY, Yang SS, Chen GH, Hwang WL, Lin YH, hwang JI (2003) Hepatic abscess caused by Aspergillus fumigatus infection following splenectomy and immunosuppressive therapy. J Formos Med Assoc 102:501–505

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lefton HB, Farmer RG, Buchwald R, Haselby R (1974) Cryptococcal hepatitis mimicking primary sclerosing cholangitis. A case report. Gastroenterology 67:511–515

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lenz P, Conrad B, Kucharzik T, Hilker E, Fegeler W, Ullerich H, Heinecke A, Domschke W et al (2009) Prevalence, associations, and trends of biliary-tract candidiasis: a prospective observational study. Gastrointest Endosc 70:480–487

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt L, Messina A, Dumois J, Gonzalez-Gomez I, Berman DM (2012) Photo Quiz. A 12-month-old boy with pneumonia and hepatitis. Clin Infect Dis 54(1784):1814–1815

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis JL, Rabinovich S (1972) The wide spectrum of cryptococcal infections. Am J Med 53:315–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis JH, Patel HR, Zimmerman HJ (1982) The spectrum of hepatic candidiasis. Hepatology 2:479–487

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li KW, Wen TF, Li GD (2010) Hepatic mucormycosis mimicking hilar cholangiocarcinoma: a case report and literature review. World J Gastroenterol 16:1039–1042

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lima R, Shams W, Kalra S, Borthwick T (2010) Candida glabrata liver abscess and fungemia complicating severe calculous cholecystitis in an immunocompetent nondiabetic host. South Med J 103:245–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin X, Heitman J (2006) The biology of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Annu Rev Microbiol 60:69–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin JI, Kabir MA, Tseng HC, Hillman N, Moezzi J, Gopelswamy N (1999) Hepatobiliary dysfunction as the initial manifestation of disseminated cryptococcosis. J Clin Gastroenterol 28:273–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipsett PA, Huang CJ, Lillemoe KD, Cameron JL, Pitt HA (1997) Fungal hepatic abscesses: characterization and management. J Gastrointest Surg 1:78–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu PY, Yang Y, Shi ZY (2009) Cryptococcal liver abscess: a case report of successful treatment with amphotericin-B and literature review. Jpn J Infect Dis 62:59–60

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lizardi-Cervera J, Soto Ramirez LE, Poo JL, Uribe M (2005) Hepatobiliary diseases in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) treated with non highly active anti-retroviral therapy: frequency and clinical manifestations. Ann Hepatol 4:188–191

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Loeliger A, van Leeuwen M, Rozenberg-Arska M, Dekker AW (1992) Hepatosplenic candidiasis, a fatal disease? Infection 20:336–338

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu S, Furth EE, Blumberg EA, Bing Z (2009) Hepatic involvement in a liver transplant recipient with disseminated cryptococcosis. Transpl Infect Dis 11:1179–1182

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubat E, Megibow AJ, Balthazar EJ, Goldenberg AS, Birnbaum BA, Bosniak MA (1990) Extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS: CT findings. Radiology 174:157–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lüer S, Berger S, Diepold M, Duppenthaler A, von Gunten M, Mühletaler K, Wolf R, Aebi C (2009) Treatment of intestinal and hepatic mucormycosis in an immunocompromized child. Pediatr Blood Cancer 52:872–874

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lyon GM, Smilack JD, Komatsu KK, Pasha TM, Leighton JA, Guarner J, Colby TV et al (2001) Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in Arizona: clinical and epidemiological characteristics and a review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 32:1448–1455

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mabee CL, Mabee SW, Kirkpatrick RB, Koletar SL (1995) Cirrhosis: a risk factor for cryptococcal peritonitis. Am J Gastroenterol 90:2042–2045

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Magnussen CR, Olson JP, Ona FV, Graziani AJ (1979) Candida fungus balls in the common bile duct. Unusual manifestation of disseminated candidiasis. Arch Intern Med 139:821–822

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantadakis E, Samonis G (2009) Clinical presentation of zygomycosis. Clin Microbiol Infect 15(suppl 5):15–20

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marco del Pont J, De Cicco L, Galo G, Ilera J, De Santibanez E, D’Agostino D (2000) Hepatic arterial thrombosis due to Mucor species in a child following orthotopic liver transplantation. Transpl Infect Dis 2:33–35

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marcucci RA, Whitely H, Armstrong D (1978) Common bile duct obstruction secondary to infection with Candida. J Clin Microbiol 7:490–492

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marotta G, Tozzi M, Sammassimo S, Defina M, Raspadori D, Gozzetti A, Lauria F (2005) Complete resolution of hepatic aspergillosis after non-myeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. Hematology 10:383–386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Masood A, Sallah S (2005) Chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia: emphasis on diagnostic definition and treatment. Leuk Res 29:493–501

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell AJ, Mamtora H (1988) Fungal liver abscesses in acute leukemia – a report of two cases. Clin Radiol 39:197–201

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGinnis MR, Walker DH, Dominy IE, Kaplan W (1982) Zygomycosis caused by Cunninghamella bertholletiae: clinical and pathologic aspects. Arch Pathol Lab Med 106:282–286

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire et al. 1992. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1520371

  • Mekeel KL, Hemming AW, Reed AI, Matsumoto T, Fujita S, Schain DC, Nelson DR et al (2005) Hepatic mucormycosis in a renal transplant recipient. Transplantation 79:1636

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Melero JL, Bastida G, Yago M, Nevarez A, Nos P, Ponce J (2008) Fungal liver abscesses in a patient with primary sclerosing cholangitis and Crohn’s disease (in Spanish). Gastroenterol Hepatol 31:576–579

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mendez-Sanchez N, Pichardo-Bahena R, Castrejon HV, Berron-Pérez RD, Hernandez-Bautista VM et al (2006) Necrotizing hepatitis and intrahepatic cholestasis associated to Cryptococcus sp. and Pneumocystis carinii. Ann Hepatol 5:289–290

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merkel IS, Good CB, Nalesnik M, Roseman SR (1992) Chronic Pneumocystis carinii infection of the liver. A case report and review of the literature. J Clin Gastroenterol 15:55–58

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller JH, Greenfield LD, Wald BR (1982) Candidiasis of the liver and spleen in childhood. Radiology 142:375–380

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mills AK, Wright SJ, Taylor KM, McCormack JG (1999) Hypercalcemia caused by Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia while in leukemic remission. Aust NZ J Med 29:102–103

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata A, Honda K, Fujita M, Kikuchi T (1995) Multiple candida liver abscesses successfully treated by continuous intrahepatic arterial infusion of amphotericin B using a reservoir in a case with acute myelocytic leukemia (M2) (in Japanese). Rinsho Ketsueki 36:1217–1222

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morris et al. 1990. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2193353

  • Mustafa M, Sandhir S, Agarwal S (2002) Endoscopic diagnosis of biliary Pneumocystis carinii. Gastrointest Endosc 56:937–939

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naggie S, Perfect JR (2009) Molds: hyalohyphomycosis, phaeohyphomycosis, and zygomycosis. Clin Chest Med 30:337–353

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nara S, Sano T, Ojima H, Onaya H, Ikeda M, Morizane C, Esaki M, Sakamoto Y et al (2008) Liver cryptococcosis manifesting as obstructive jaundice in a young immunocompetent man: report of a case. Surg Today 38:271–274

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nevitt PC, Das NL, Hingsbergen EA (2001) Mucormycosis resulting in a pseudoaneurysm in the spleen. Pediatr Radiol 31:115–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nosanchuk JD, Gacser A (2008) Histoplasma capsulatum at the host-pathogen interface. Microbes Infect 10:973–977

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Okudaira M, Straub M, Schwarz J (1961) The etiology of discrete splenic and hepatic calcifications in an endemic area of histoplasmosis. Am J Pathol 39:599–6111

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oliver MR, Van Voorhis WC, Boeckh M, Mattson D, Bowden RA (1996) Hepatic mucormycosis in a bone marrow transplant recipient who ingested naturopathic medicine. Clin Infect Dis 22:521–524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ow C, Maldjian C, Shires GT, Markisz J, Kazam E (1991) CT, US, and MR imaging of hepatic aspergilloma. J Comput Assist Tomogr 15:852–854

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Padmanabhan S, Battiwalla M, Hahn T, Ball D, Paplham P, Brown K, Segal BH et al (2007) Two cases of hepatic zygomycosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Dis 9:148–152

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagano L, Ricci P, Tonso A, Nosari A, Cudillo L, Montillo M, Cenacchi A, Pacilli L et al (1997) Mucormycosis in patients with haematological malignancies: a retrospective clinical study of 37 cases. GIMEMA Infection Program (Gruppo Italiano malattie Ematologiche Maligne dell’Adulto). Br J Haematol 99:331–336

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pagano L, Mele L, Fianchi L, Melillo L, Martino B, D’Antonio D, Tosti ME, Posteraro B et al (2002) Chronic disseminated candidiasis in patients with hematologic malignancies. Clinical features and outcome of 29 episodes. Haematologica 87:535–541

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patrick CC, Flynn PM, Henwick S, Pui CH (1992) Disseminated histoplasmosis presenting as a cystic duct obstruction. Pediatr Infect Dis J 11:593–594

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pestalozzi BC, Krestin GP, Schanz U, Jacky E, Gmür J (1997) Hepatic lesions of chronic disseminated candidiasis may become invisible during neutropenia. Blood 90:3858–3864

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pichard E, Dufio B, Sangare S, Naco A, Diallo AN (1987) African histoplasmosis in Mali. Ann Med Int 138:278–281

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilon VA, Echols RM, Celo JS, Elmendorf SL (1987) Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in AIDS. N Engl J Med 316:1410–1411

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pinès E, Malbec D, Lepennec MP, Hilpert F, Boudon P (1994) Hepatic candidiasis caused by Candida glabrata (in French). Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris) 30:208–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Poblete RB, Rodriguez K, Foust RT, Reddy KR, Saldana MJ (1989) Pneumocystis carinii hepatitis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Ann Intern Med 110:737–738

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pomar V, Carrera G, Paredes R, Domingo P (2005) Disseminated cryptococcosis resembling miliary tuberculosis in an HIV-1-infected patient. Lancet Infect Dis 5:189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Potenza L, Barozzi P, Rossi G, Palazzi G, Vallerini D, Riva G, Cellini M, Morselli M et al (2008) Assessment of Aspergillus-specific T cells for diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in a leukemic child with liver lesions mimicking hepatosplenic candidiasis. Clin Vaccine Immunol 15:1625–1628

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Potoczek S, Kuliczkowski K (1994) Candidiasis of the bile ducts and liver in the course of acute leukemia (in Polish). Pol Arch Med Wewn 91:479–482

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prabhu RM, Patel R (2004) Mucormycosis and entomophthoramycosis: a review of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment. Clin Microbiol Infect 10(suppl 1):31–47

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Price JT, Bulmer GS (1972) Tumor induction by Cryptococcus neoformans. Infect Immun 6:199–205

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Procknow JJ, Benfield JR, Rippon JW et al (1965) Cryptococcal hepatitis presenting as a surgical emergency. First isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans from point source in Chicago. JAMA 191:269–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radin DR (1991) Disseminated histoplasmosis: abdominal CT findings in 16 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 157:955–958

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radin DR, Johnson MB (1992) Candida cholangitis in a diabetic woman. AJR Am J Roentgenol 158:1029–1030

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Radin DR, Baker EL, Klatt EC, Balthazar EJ, Jeffrey RB, Megibow AJ, Ralls PW (1990) Visceral and nodal calcification in patients with AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii infection. AJR Am J Roentgenol 154:27–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rahimi SA (1974) Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii in thymic alymphoplasia. Arch Pathol 97:162–165

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez-Garcia et al. 2011. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21858674

  • Rammaert B, Desjardins A, Lortholary O (2012) New insights into hepatosplenic candidiasis, a manifestation of chronic disseminated candidiasis. Mycoses 55:e74–e84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves AR, Johnson MS, Stine S (2000) Percutaneous diagnosis and treatment of biliary candidiasis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 11:107–109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rescorla FJ, Kleiman MB, Grosfeld JL (1994) Obstruction of the common bile duct in histoplasmosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 13:1017–1019

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ribes JA, Vanover-Sams CL, Baker DJ (2000) Zygomycetes in human disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 13:236–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Roden MM, Zaoutis TE, Buchanan WL, Knudsen TA, Sarkisova TA, Schaufele RL et al (2005) Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis 41:634–653

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez et al. 2007. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17604436

  • Rubio E, Jimenez M, Alvira LG, Lucena JL, Arrieta FM, Chaparro MD, Cuervas-Mons V, Turrion VS (2011) Influence of infection by Aspergillus in arterial complications after liver transplantation: evolution and results in 670 transplants. Transplant Proc 43:751–752

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph J, Rodenwaldt J, Ruhnke M, Hamm B, Kopka L (2004) Unusual enhancement pattern of liver lesions in hepatosplenic candidiasis. Acta Radiol 45:499–503

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rueping MJ, Vehreschild JJ, Cornely OA (2009) Invasive candidiasis and candidemia: from current opinions to future perspectives. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 18:735–748

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saadah OI, Farouq MF, Daajani NA, Kamal JS, Ghanem AT (2012) Gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in a child: an unusual fungal infection mimicking fistulasing Crohn’s disease. J Crohn’s Colitis 6:368–372

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sabesin SM, Fallon HJ, Bethesda VTA (1963) Hepatic failure as a manifestation of cryptococcosis. Arch Intern Med 111:661–669

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs JR, Greenfield SM, Sohn M, Turner JL (1991) Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection with hepatic involvement in a patient with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 86:82–85

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sallah S (1999) Hepatosplenic candidiasis in patients with acute leukemia: increasingly encountered complication. Anticancer Res 19:757–760

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schipper MA, Maslen MM, Hogg GG, Chow CW, Samson RA (1996) Human infection by Rhizopus azygosporus and the occurrence of azygospores in Zygomycetes. J Med Vet Mycol 34:199–203

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H, Fische dick AR, Peters PE, von Lengerke HJ (1986) Candida abscesses in the liver and spleen. The sonographic and computed tomographic morphology (in German). Dtsch Med Wochenschr 111:816–820

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sedlacek P, Vavra V, Masova I, Codl D, Laznickova T, Malaskova L, Nyc O, Stary J (2009) Successful therapy with ABLC, surgery and posaconazole for Rhizopus microspores var. rhizopodiformis liver eumycetoma in a child with acute leukemia. Mycoses 52:276–279

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shibuya K, Coulson WF, Wollman JS, Wakayama M, Ando T, Oharaseki T, Takahashi K, Naoe S (2001) Histopathology of cryptococcosis and other fungal infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Int J Infect Dis 5:78–85

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sikorski T, Marcinowska-Suchowierska E (2007) Cryptococcal ascites and ascitic lymphocytosis in cirrhotic patients. Am J Med 120:e23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sing Y, Ramdial PK (2007) Cryptococcal inflammatory pseudotumors. Am J Surg Pathol 31:1521–1527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Gupta S, Mirdha B, Hak S, Singh YN (1992) Large single candidal liver abscess treated with aspiration and antifungal drugs. Indian J Gastroenterol 11:176–177

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh N, Gayowski T, Yu VL (1995) Invasive gastrointestinal zygomycosis in a liver transplant recipient: case report and review of zygomycosis in solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 20:617–620

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh DK, Tyagi I, Saran RK, Gonadal R (2010) Fatal spontaneous Cryptococcal peritonitis in a woman with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Acta Cytol 54(suppl):1087–1089

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skiada A, Vrana L, Polychronopoulou H, Prodromou P, Chnatzis A, Tofas P, Daikos GL (2009) Disseminated zygomycosis with involvement of the central nervous system. Clin Microbiol 15(suppl 5):46–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skiada A, Pagano L, Groll A, Zimmerli S, Dupont B, Lagrou K, Lass-Flol C, Bouza E et al (2011) Zygomycosis in Europe: analysis of 230 cases accrued by the registry of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) Working Group on zygomycosis between 2005 and 2007. Clin Microbiol Infect 17:1859–1867

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spellberg B, Edwards J, Ibrahim A (2005) Novel perspectives on mucormycosis: pathophysiology, presentation, and management. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:556–559

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Staib F (1986) Detection of Cryptococcus neoformans in biopsy specimens from the spleen and liver of AIDS patients: critical comments. Mykosen 29:551–555

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steigman CK, Pastore L, Park CH, Fox CH, DeVinates ML, Connor DH et al (1987) AIDS case for diagnosis series. Mil Med 152:M1–M8

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens DA, Melikian GL (2011) Aspergillosis in the ‘nonimmunocompromised’ host. Immunol Invest 40:751–766

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stiefel P, Pamies E, Miranda ML, Martin-Sanz MV, Fernandez-Moyano A, Villar J (1999) Cryptococcal peritonitis: report of a case and review of the literature. Hepatogastroenterology 46:1618–1622

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suh IW, Park CS, Lee MS, Lee JH, Chang MS, Woo JH, Lee IC, Ryu JS (2000) Hepatic and small bowel mucormycosis after chemotherapy in a patient with acute lymphocytic leukemia. J Korean Med Sci 15:351–354

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sungkanuparph S, Vibhagool A, Pracharktam R (2002) Spontaneous cryptococcal peritonitis in cirrhotic patients. J Postgrad Med 48:201–202

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Swerdloff et al. 1993. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8274612

  • Symmers WS (1960) Mucormycotic granuloma possibly due to Basidiobolus ranarum. Br Med J 1:1331–1333

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tamsei S, Demirpolat G, Killi R, Elmas N (2004) Primary hepatic aspergillosis: a case of inflammatory pseudotumor (case report) (in Turkish). Tani Girisim Radyol 10:154–157

    Google Scholar 

  • Tashjian LS, Abramson JS, Peacock JE (1984) Focal hepatic candidiasis: a distinct clinical variant of candidiasis in immunocompromised patients. Rev Infect Dis 6:689–703

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ter Borg F, Kuijper EJ, van der Lelie H (1990) Fatal mucormycosis presenting as an appendiceal mass with metastatic spread to the liver during chemotherapy-induced granulocytopenia. Scand J Infect Dis 22:499–501

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thaler M, Pastakia B, Shawker TH, O’Leary T, Pizzo PA (1988) Hepatic candidiasis in cancer patients: the evolving picture of the syndrome. Ann Intern Med 108:88–100

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trachana M, Roilides E, Gompakis N, Kanellopoulos u K, Mpantouraki M, Kanakoudi-Tsakalidou F (2001) Case report. Hepatic abscesses due to Aspergillus terreus in an immunodeficient child. Mycoses 44:415–418

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trojan A, Kreuzer KA, Flury R, Schmid M, Schneider J, Schröder S (1998) Liver changes in AIDS. Retrospective analysis of 227 autopsies of HIV-positive patients (in German). Pathologe 19:194–200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai SH, Peng YJ, Wang NC (2006) Pyomyositis with hepatic and perinephric abscesses caused by Candida albicans in a diabetic nephropathy patient. Am J Med Sci 331:292–294

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsaousis G, Koutsouri A, Gatsiou C, Paniara O, Peppas C, Chalevelakis G (2000) Liver and brain mucormycosis in a diabetic patient type II successfully treated with liposomial amphotericin B. Scand J Infect Dis 32:335–337

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tsui E, Liang R (1991) Successful treatment of focal hepatic candidiasis in a patient with acute myeloid leukaemia. Scand J Infect Dis 23:267–270

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker and Casadevall 2002. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11880650

  • Uflacker R, Wholey MH, Amaral NM, Lima S (1982) Parasitic and mycotic causes of biliary obstruction. Gastrointest Radiol 7:173–179

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unger PD, Rosenblum M, Krown SE (1988) Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Hum Pathol 19:113–116

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Utili R, Tripodi MF, Ragone E, Casillo R, Pasquale G, De Santo L, Esposito S (2004) Hepatic cryptococcosis in a heart transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 6:33–36

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vairani G, Rebeschini R, Barbazza R (1990) Hepatic and subcutaneous abscesses due to aspergillosis. Initial diagnosis of a case by intraoperative fine needle aspiration cytology. Acta Cytol 34:891–894

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valdès E, Borzoni F, Onnis D, Piras S, Vespa A, Varsi C (1994) Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection: clinico-pathologic findings in an AIDS patint (in Italian). Pathologica 86:659–664

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vallaeys JH, Praet MM, Roels HJ, Van Marck E, Kaufman L (1989) The Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by a zygomycete. A new pathogenesis of hepatic vein thrombosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med 113:1171–1174

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valmary J, Bauduceau B, Lartisien D, Flechaire A, Debord T, Daly JP, Laverdant C (1984) Disseminated Histoplasma duboisii histoplasmosis in a female inhabitant of the Ivory Coast (in French). Med Trop (Mars) 44:369–373

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berk GE, Noorduyn LA, van Ketel RJ, van Leeuwen J, Bemelman WA, Prins JM (2006) A fatal pseudo-tumour: disseminated basidiobolomycosis. BMC Infect Dis 6:140

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van Overeem C (1925) Ueber ein merkwürdiges vorkommen von basidiobolus ranarum. Bull jardin Bot Buitenzorg 7:423–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Vikram HR, Smilack JD, Leighton JA, Crowell MD, De Petris G (2012) Emergence of gastrointestinal basidiobolomycosis in the United States, with a review of worldwide cases. Clin Infect Dis 54:1685–1691

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Von Eiff M, Essink M, Roos N, Hiddemann W, Büchner T, van de Loo J (1990) Hepatosplenic candidiasis, a late manifestation of Candida septicemia in neutropenic patients with haematologic malignancies. Blut 60:242–248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wakabayashi T, Oka S, Shimada K, Nakano I, Iwatsubo T, Mori S (1992) Disseminated Pneumocystis carinii infection in a hemophiliac patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Acta Pathol Jpn 42:262–266

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wazir JF, Ansari NA (2004) Pneumocystis carinii infection. Update and review. Arch Pathol Lab Med 128:1023–1027

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wig JD, Singh K, Chawla YK, Vaiphei K (1998) Cholangitis due to candidiasis of the extra-hepatic biliary tract. HPB Surg 11:51–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkins MJ, Lindley R, Dourakis SP, Goldin RD (1991) Surgical pathology of the liver in HIV infection. Histopathology 18:459–464

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams AO (1969) Pathology of phycomycosis due to Entomophthora and Basidiobolus species. Arch Pathol 87:13–20

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams AO, Von Lichtenberg F, Smith JH, Martinson FD (1969) Ultrastructure of phycomycosis due to Entomophthora, Basidiobolus, and associated “Splendore-Hoeppli” phenomenon. Arch Pathol 87:459–468

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams AO, Lawson EA, Lucas AO (1971) African histoplasmosis due to Histoplasma duboisii. Arch Pathol 92:306–318

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright S, Harman RRM (1983) Primary hepatic cryptococcosis. Br Med J 287:464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamada R, Horikawa K, Ishihara S, Hoshino K, Kawaguchi T, Iyama K, Mitsuya H, Asou H (2010) Successful treatment of Aspergillus liver abscesses in a patient with acute monoblastic leukemia using combination antifungal therapy including micafungin as a key drug. Int J Hematol 91:711–715

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamauchi T, Misaki H, Arai H, Iwasaki H, Naiki H, Ueda T (2002) An autopsy case of disseminated mucormycosis in a neutropenic patient receiving chemotherapy for the underlying solid malignancy. J Infect Chemother 8:103–105

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yang GC (2000) Pneumocystis carinii infection presents as common bile duct mass biopsied by fine-needle aspiration. Diagn Cytopathol 22:25–26

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yellapu RK, Mittal V, Grewal P (2010) Education and imaging. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic: Candida liver abscesses associated with endocarditis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 25:1017

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yeom SK, Kim HJ, Byun JH, Kim AY, Lee MG, Ha HK (2010) Abdominal aspergillosis: CT findings. Eur J Radiol 77:478–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young RC (1969) The Budd-Chiari syndrome caused by Aspergillus; two patients with vascular invasion of the hepatic veins. Arch Intern Med 124:754–757

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Young et al. 1970. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4913991

  • Yuchong C, Dingheng Z, Zhizhong Y, Hongyu Y, Jing H, Jianghan C (2010) Aspergillosis of biliary tract after liver transplantation: a case report. Mycopathologia 170:117–121

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhan HX, Zhang Y, Liu C, Wang B, Jiang YY, Liu XM (2008a) Hepatic and renal artery rupture due to Aspergillus and Mucor mixed infection after combined liver and kidney transplantation: a case report. Transplant Proc 40:1771–1773

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhan HX, Lv Y, Zhang Y, Liu C, Wang B, Jiang YY, Liu XM (2008b) Hepatic and renal artery rupture due to Aspergillus and Mucor mixed infection after combined liver and kidney transplantation: a case report. Tranplant Proc 40:1771–1773

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Q, Liao J, Qin H, Wang J (2005) Clinical evaluation of ERCP and nasobiliary drainage for biliary fungal infection – a report of five cases of severe combined and fungal infection of the biliary tract. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technol Med Sci 25:427–430

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

    Arthur Zimmermann

Authors
  1. Arthur Zimmermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arthur Zimmermann .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Zimmermann, A. (2016). Tumor-like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract Caused by Fungal Infections. In: Tumors and Tumor-Like Lesions of the Hepatobiliary Tract. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26587-2_131-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-26587-2_131-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-26587-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation