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The Cell Cycle of Microalgae

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The Physiology of Microalgae

Part of the book series: Developments in Applied Phycology ((DAPH,volume 6))

Abstract

Growth and division of microalgae are indispensable for their survival and spread throughout the environment. Microalgae divide by two mechanisms: binary and multiple fission. Binary fission is the division into two daughter cells, as seen in the majority of eukaryotic organisms; it also represents a transition to multiple fission. Multiple fission, typical for some green algae, leads to division into more than two daughter cells (from 4 to 1024), in principle, 2n. Here, we describe the different organizational types of multiple fission cell cycles, with distinct timing of DNA replication, nuclear, and cellular divisions, and discuss how they are regulated at physiological and molecular levels. We show in detail how different growth conditions, particularly changes in light and temperature, will affect not only growth and the accumulation of macromolecules (RNA, protein, starch) but also, through unknown coordination mechanisms, how the cells perform multiple fission cell cycles to generate the number of daughter cells. Finally, we discuss the relationship between two major algal compartments: the nucleocytoplasmic and chloroplastic compartments. Growth and division of the two are intricately intertwined and possibly co-regulated by mechanisms that are not fully understood.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Wherever possible the currently accepted names for species are used. The name used in the paper cited is also indicated. For details of names see chapter “Systematics, Taxonomy and Species Names: Do They Matter?” of this book (Borowitzka 2016).

    Concerning this chapter, genus Scenedesmus was re-assessed giving rise to two genera: Scenedesmus and Desmodesmus (An et al., 1999). Species formerly known as Scenedesmus quadricauda was re-classified as Desmodesmus quadricauda. The species has been for many years used as an important model organisms and has been referred mostly as Scenedesmus quadricauda. For the sake of clarity, the text referring to such publications states the current genus name Desmodesmus with the former name Scenedesmus in parentheses.

Abbreviations

CDK:

cyclin-dependent kinase

chl-RNA:

chloroplast ribosomal RNA

cyt-RNA:

cytosolic ribosomal RNA

CKI:

inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase

CP:

commitment point

DP:

dimerization partner

E2F:

transcription factor

FdUrd:

5-fluorodeoxyuridin, inhibitor of thymidylate synthase

NAL:

nalidixic acid, an inhibitor of DNA gyrase, (1-ethy1-1,4-dihydro-7-methy1-4-oxo-1,8-naphtyridine-3-carboxylic acid)

nuc-DNA:

nuclear DNA

pt-DNA:

chloroplast (plastid) DNA

Rb:

retinoblastoma protein

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by the National Programme of Sustainability I, ID: LO1416 and by the Czech Academy of Sciences (grant number RVO 61388971). V.Z. and K.B. were supported by grant of Grant Agency of the Czech Republic no. 15-09231S.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Cell Cycles of Algae, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology, Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Opatovický mlýn, 37981, Třeboň, Czech Republic

    Vilém Zachleder, Kateřina Bišová & Milada Vítová

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  1. Vilém Zachleder
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  2. Kateřina Bišová
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  3. Milada Vítová
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Correspondence to Vilém Zachleder .

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  1. School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Algae R&D Centre, Murdoch, West Australia, Australia

    Michael A. Borowitzka

  2. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia

    John Beardall

  3. Division of Plant Biology, University of Dundee at the James Hutton, Dundee, United Kingdom

    John A. Raven

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Zachleder, V., Bišová, K., Vítová, M. (2016). The Cell Cycle of Microalgae. In: Borowitzka, M., Beardall, J., Raven, J. (eds) The Physiology of Microalgae. Developments in Applied Phycology, vol 6. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24945-2_1

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