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Input and Output Systems of Orexin Neurons

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Orexin and Sleep

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Abstract

Orexin/hypocretin neurons are localized in the lateral hypothalamic area (LH)/perifornical area (PF) and project their fibers widely to many regions in the brain. Two types of orexin receptors, OX1 and OX2, are expressed in various brain areas, including neurons controlling fundamental functions in the brain, such as sleep/wake behavior, feeding and drinking, homeostatic regulation, neuroendocrine and autonomic responses. In this chapter, we summarize the input and output pathways of orexin neurons in the rodent brain and discuss their physiological roles from an anatomical point of view. We then introduce recent publications of mouse studies, demonstrating functional evidence of these neural pathways from/to orexin neurons especially for controlling sleep/wake behavior. These new, integrated anatomical-physiological evidences well document the important circuitry of orexin neurons in the mammalian brain.

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Abbreviations

AAD:

Anterior amygdaloid area, dorsal part

ac:

Anterior commissure

AcbSh:

Nucleus accumbens

AHA:

Anterior hypothalamic area

Arc:

Arcuate nucleus

BST:

Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis

CeM:

Central amygdaloid nucleus

CM:

Central medial nucleus of thalamus

DMH:

Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus

DR:

Dorsal raphe nucleus

GiV:

Gigantocellular reticular nucleus, ventral part

HDB:

Horizontal limb of diagonal band of Broca

IL:

Infralimbic cortex

LC:

Locus coeruleus

LDTg:

Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus

LH:

Lateral hypothalamic area

LPB:

Lateral parabrachial nucleus

LPO:

Lateral preoptic area

LS:

Lateral septal nucleus

MCPO:

Magnocellular preoptic nucleus

MeA:

Medial amygdaloid nucleus, anterior part

mfb:

Medial forebrain bundle

MnR:

Median raphe nucleus

MPA:

Medial preoptic area

mPFC:

Medial prefrontal cortex

MS:

Medial septal nucleus

PAG:

Periaqueductal gray

PB:

Parabrachial nucleus

PF:

Perifornical area

PH:

Posterior hypothalamic area

PMnR:

Paramedian raphe nucleus

POA:

Preoptic area

PPTg:

Pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus

PreC:

Precoeruleus area

PVH:

Paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus

PVT:

Paraventricular nucleus of thalamus

RMg:

Raphe magnus nucleus

S:

Subiculum

SCN:

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

SI:

Substantia innominata

SNC:

Substantia nigra compact part

SNL:

Substantia nigra lateral part

SNR:

Substantia nigra reticular part

Sol:

Nucleus of the solitary tract

SPZ:

Subparaventricular zone

SuM:

Supramammillary nucleus

TMN:

Tuberomammillary nucleus

VDB:

Ventral limb of diagonal band of Broca

VLPO:

Ventrolateral preoptic area

VMH:

Ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

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Acknowledgement

Writing of this paper was supported in part by the grant from the NIH/NHLBI (HL095491).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 3 Blackfan Circle, CLS-706, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Takatoshi Mochizuki & Kyoko Yoshida-Court

Authors
  1. Takatoshi Mochizuki
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  2. Kyoko Yoshida-Court
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Correspondence to Takatoshi Mochizuki .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Dept. of Molecular Neurosci. & Integrati, Faculty of Medicine, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan

    Takeshi Sakurai

  2. Somnogen Canada Inc, President and Chief Executive Officer, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

    S.R. Pandi-Perumal

  3. Dept. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Clinics Hospital Montevideo School of Medicine, Montevideo, Uruguay

    Jaime M. Monti

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Mochizuki, T., Yoshida-Court, K. (2015). Input and Output Systems of Orexin Neurons. In: Sakurai, T., Pandi-Perumal, S., Monti, J. (eds) Orexin and Sleep. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-23078-8_3

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