Skip to main content

Resilience-Oriented Treatment of Traumatised Asylum Seekers and Refugees

  • Chapter
Trauma and Migration

Abstract

Many mental health workers think their ability to treat asylum seekers and refugees is limited. They are often overwhelmed with feelings of powerlessness when they are confronted with the complexity of psychiatric problems, the past traumatic experiences and the present living problems. However, there is no need for such feelings. In the last decades, a lot of progress has been made, and both theoretical concepts and practical approaches are developed, which show accessible ways of helping this group of patients. That does not mean there are no obstacles and improvement is easy to reach. Many patients have more than one psychiatric disorder, they have a lot of concomitant somatic health problems and complaints, they have a high rate of disability and low quality of life and besides that they experience a lot of post-migration living problems. This complexity of the problems of asylum seekers and refugees reduces the applicability of routine treatment protocols.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahern J, Galea S, Fernandez WG, Koci B, Waldman R, Vlahov D (2004) Gender, social support, and posttraumatic stress in postwar Kosovo. J Nerv Ment Dis 192:762–770

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edn. DSM-5, Arlington

    Google Scholar 

  • d’Ardenne P, Ruaro L, Cestari L, Fakhoury W, Priebe S (2007) Does interpreter-mediated CBT with traumatized refugee people work ? A comparison of patient outcomes in East London. Behav Cogn Psychother 35:293–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnson Y, Amital D, Fostick L, Silberman A, Polliack ML, Zohar J, Rubinow A, Amital H (2007) Physical activity protects male patients with post-traumatic stress disorder from developing severe fibromyalgia. Clin Exp Rheumatol 25(4):529–533

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Babyak M, Blumenthal JA, Herman S (2000) Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months. Psychosom Med 62:633–638

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baer R (2003) Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 10(2):125–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beiser M, Hou F (2001) Language acquisition, unemployment and depressive disorder among Southeast Asian refugees: a 10-year study. Soc Sci Med 53:1321–1334

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beiser M, Johnson PJ, Turner RJ (1993) Unemployment, underemployment and depressive affect among Southeast Asian refugees. Psychol Med 23:731–743

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bisson J, Andrew M (2007) Psychological treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Cochrane Database Syst Rev.;(3):CD003388

    Google Scholar 

  • Blumenthal JA, Baybak MA, Moore KA, Craighead WE, Herman S et al (1999) Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression. Arch Intern Med 159:2349–2356

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bonanno S (2004) Loss, trauma, and human resilience; have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol 59:20–28

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley R, Greene J, Russ E (2005) A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. Am J Psychiatry 162:214–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carballo M, Smajkic A, Zeric D, Dzidowska M, Gebre-Medhin J, van Halem J (2004) Mental health and coping in a war situation: the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina. J Biosoc Sci 36:463–477

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Charney DS (2004) Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience and vulnerability: implications for successful adaption to extreme stress. Am J Psychiatry 161:195–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cotman CW, Berchtold MC (2002) Exercise: a behavioural intervention to enhance brain and plasticity. Trends Neurosci 25:295–301

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Crumlish N, O’Rourke K (2010) A systematic review of treatment for PTSD among refugees and asylum seekers. J Nerv Ment Dis 198:237–251

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • de Jonghe F, Dekker J, Goris C (1997) Steun, stress, kracht en kwetsbaarheid in de psychiatrie. Van Gorcum, Assen

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrenreich JH (1999) Coping with disaster: a guidebook to psychosocial intervention. http://www.mhwwb.org/contents.htm

  • Elder GA, de Gasperi R, Gama Sosa MA (2006) Research update: neurogenesis in adult brain and neuropsychiatric disorders. Mt Sinai J Med 73:931–940

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhard D, Goorts I (2005) God will take care of me. Religious coping among refugees with health problems (in Dutch: God zal voor mij zorgen. Religieuze coping van vluchtelingen met gezondheidsproblemen). Pharos, Utrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J (2005) Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet 365:1309–1314

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feder A, Charney D, Collins K (2011) Neurobiology of resilience. In: Southwick SM, Litz BT, Charney D, Friedman MJ (eds) Resilience and mental health: challenges across the lifespan. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Folkman S, Moskowitz JT (2000) Positive affect and the other side of coping. Am Psychol 6:647–654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Folkman S, Lazarus RS, Dunkel-Schetter C, DeLongis A, Gruen RJ (1986) Dynamics of a stressful encounter: cognitive appraisal, coping, and encounter outcomes. J Pers Soc Psychol 3:571–579

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankl V (1959) Man’s search for meaning. Pocket books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Fredrickson BL (2001) The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Am Psychol 56:218–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerritsen AA, Bramsen I, Devillé W, van Willigen LH, Hovens JE, van der Ploeg HM (2006) Physical and mental health of Afghan, Iranian and Somali asylum seekers and refugees living in the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 41:18–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorst-Unsworth C, Goldenberg E (1998) Psychological sequelae of torture and organized violence suffered by refugees from Iraq: trauma-related factors compared with social factors in exile. Br J Psychiatry 172:90–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Groen SPN (2008) A new version of the cultural interview. Application and evaluation of a questionnaire for cultural sensitive diagnostics in mental health care. Cultuur, Migratie en Gezondheid. 5:96–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Han E, Liu GG (2005) Racial disparities in prescription drug use for mental illness among population in US. Ment Health Policy Econ 8:131–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison MO, Koenig HG, Hays JC, Eme-Akwari AG, Pargament KI (2001) The epidemiology of religious coping: a review of recent literature. Int Rev Psychiatry 13:86–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heinrichs M, Baumgartner T, Kirshbaum C, Ehlert U (2003) Social support and oxytocin interact to suppress cortical and subjective responses to psychological stress. Biol Psychiatry 54:1389–1398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horowitz MJ (2005) Treatment of stress response syndromes. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Ingram RE, Luxton DD (2005) Vulnerability-stress models. In: Hankin BL, Abela JRZ (eds) Development of psychopathology: a vulnerability stress perspective. Sage, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson E (1965) Progressive relaxation; a physiological and clinical muscular states. Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Jong de JTVM (2002) Public mental health, traumatic stress and human rights violations in low-income countries: a culturally, appropriate model in times of conflict, disaster and peace. In: Jong de JTVM (ed) Trauma, war, and violence: public mental health in socio-cultural context. Kluwer Academic Plenum Publishers, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Juni S, Katz B (2001) Self-effacing wit as a response to oppression: dynamics in ethnic humor. J Gen Psychol 128:119–142

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kamperman AM, Komproe YH, Jong JTVM de (2005) The relationship between cultural adaptation and mental health in first generation migrants. In: AM Kamperman (ed) Deconstructing ethnic differences in mental health of Surinamese, Moroccan and Turkish migrants in The Netherlands. PhD thesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent M, Davis MC, Reich JW (2014) The resilience handbook: apporaches to stress and trauma. Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent M, Davis MC (2014) Resilience training for action and agency to stress and trauma; becoming the hero of your life. In: Kent M, Davis MC, Reich JW (eds) The resilience handbook; approaches to stress and trauma. Routledge, New York, pp 227–244

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent M, Davis MC, Stark SL, Stewart LA (2011) A resilience-oriented treatment for post traumatic stress disorder: results of a preliminary randomized clinical trial. J Trauma Stress 24:591–595

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khawaja NG, White KM, Schweitzer R, Greenslade JH (2008) Difficulties and coping strategies of Sudanese refugees: a qualitative approach. Transcult Psychiatry 45:489–512

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kinzie D, Friedman MJ (2004) Psychopharmacology for refugees and asylum seeker patients. In: Wilson JP, Drozdek B (eds) Broken spirits: the treatment of traumatized asylum seekers, refugees, war and torture victims. Brunner-Routledge, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Knipscheer JW, Kleber RJ (2007) Acculturation and mental health among Ghanaians in the Netherlands. Int J Soc Psychiatry 53:369–383

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kortmann FAM, Oude Voshaar RC (1998) Aspects of pharmacotherapy in ethnic minorities (in Dutch, summary in English). Tijdschr Psychiatr 3:143–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Laban CJ, Gernaat HBPE, Komproe IH, Schreuders GA, De Jong JTVM (2004) Impact of a long asylum procedure on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands. J Nerv Ment Dis 192:843–852

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laban CJ, Gernaat HBPE, Komproe IH, Van Tweel I, De Jong JTVM (2005) Post migration living problems and common psychiatric disorders in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands. J Nerv Ment Dis 193:825–832

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laban CJ, Komproe IH, Gernaat HBPE, De Jong JTVM (2008) Impact of a long asylum procedure on quality of life, disability and physical health in Iraqi asylum seekers in the Netherlands. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 43:507–515

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Layne CM, Warren JS, Watson PJ, Shalev AY (2007) Risk, vulnerability, resistance, and resilience toward and integrative conceptualization of posttraumatic adaptation. In: Friedman MJ, Keane TM, Resick PA (eds) Handbook of PTSD: science and practice. Guilford Press, New York, pp 497–520

    Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux JE, Gorman JM (2001) A call to action: overcoming anxiety through active coping. Am J Psychiatry 158:1953–1955

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levine P (1997) Waking the tiger; healing trauma. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Levine P (2010) In an unspoken voice. North Atlantic Books, Berkeley

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindhout A, Corbett S (2013) A house in the sky. Scribner, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B (2000) The construct of resilience: a critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev 3:543–562

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manger TA, Motta RW (2005) The impact of an exercise program on posttraumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and depression. Int J Emerg Ment Health 7(1):49–57

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maslow AH (1954) Motivation and personality. Harper, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Masten A, Best K, Garmezy N (1990) Resilience and development: contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Dev Psychopathol 2:425–444

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mobbs D, Greicius MD, Abdel-Azim E, Menon V, Reiss AL (2003) Humor modulates the mesolimbic reward centers. Neuron 40:1041–1048

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moos RH (1995) Development and application of new measures of life stressors, social resources, and coping responses. Eur J Psychol Assess 11:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nickerson A, Bryant RA, Silove D, Steel Z (2011) A critical review of psychological treatments of posttraumatic stress disorder in refugees. Clin Psychol Rev 31:399–417

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nievers E, Andriessen I (2010) Discrimination monitor 2010: non-western migrants on the Dutch labour market. The Netherlands Institute for Social research. The Hague

    Google Scholar 

  • Ochsner KN, Bunge SA, Gross JJ, Gabrieli JD (2002) Rethinking feelings: an fMRI study of the cognitive regulation of emotion. J Cogn Neurosci 14:1215–1229

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozbay F, Johnson DC, Dimouglas E, Morgan CA, Charney D, Southwick S (2007) Social support and resilience to stress: from neurobiology to clinical practice. Psychiatry 4:35–40

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peddle N (2007) Assessing trauma impact, recovery and resiliency in refugees of war. J Aggress Maltreat Trauma 14:185–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pieper JZT, van Uden MHF (2005) Religion and coping in mental health care. Rodopi, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter M, Haslam N (2005) Predisplacement and postdisplacement factors associated with mental health of refugees and internally displaced persons: a meta-analysis. JAMA 294(5):602–612

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reasoner R (2004) The true meaning of self-esteem. NASE (National Association for Self-Esteem), Fulton, http://www.self-esteem-nase.org/whatisselfesteem.shtml

    Google Scholar 

  • Rees S, Silove D, Chey T, Steel Z, Bauman A, Phan T (2012) Physical activity and psychological distress amongst Vietnamese living in the Mekong Delta. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 46:966–971

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reibel D, Greeson J, Brainard G, Rosenzweig S (2001) Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health-related quality of life in a heterogeneous patient population. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 23:183–192

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rohlof H, Loevy N, Sassen L, Helmich S (2002) Het culturele interview, Nederlandse versie. In: Borra R, van Dijk R, Rohlof H (eds) Cultuur, classificatie en diagnose, cultuursensitief werken met de DSM IV. Bohn Stafleu Van Loghum, Houten

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothschild B (2000) The body remembers. The psychophysiology of trauma and trauma treatment. W.W. Norton & Company, New York, pp 95–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Rutter ME (1987) Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. Am J Orthopsychiatry 67:316–331

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rutter M (2006) Implications of resilience concepts for scientific understanding. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1094:1–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan DA, Benson CA, Dooley BA (2008) Psychological distress and the asylum process a longitudinal study of forced migrants in Ireland. J Nerv Ment Dis 196:37–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sandler I (2001) Quality and ecology of adversity as common mechanism of risk and resilience. Am J Community Psychol 29:19–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Santorelli SF (1992) Effectiveness of a meditation-based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 149:936–943

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwarzer R, Leppin A (1999) Social support and health: a theoretical and empirical overview. J Soc Pers Relatsh 8:99–127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer R, Greenslade J, Kagee A (2007) Coping and resilience in refugees from the Sudan: a narrative account. Aust NZ J Psychiatry 41:282–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silverstone PH, Salsali M (2003) Low self-esteem and psychiatric patients: part 1 – the relationship between low self-esteem and psychiatric diagnosis. Ann Gen Hosp Psychiatr. 2.2 [open access]. http://www.general-hospital-psychiatry.com/content/2/1/2

  • Simon GE, VonKorff M, Piccinelli M, Fullerton C, Ormel J (1999) An international study of the relationship between somatic symptoms and depression. N Engl J Med 341(18):1329–1335

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sossou MA, Craig CD, Ogren H, Schnak M (2008) A qualitative study of resilience factors of Bosnia refugee women resettled in the southern United States. J Ethn Cult Divers Soc Work 17(4):365–385

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Southwick SM, Charney DS (2012) Resilience: the science of mastering life’s greatest challenges. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Southwick SM, Vythilingam M, Charney DS (2005) The psychobiology and resilience to stress: implications for prevention and treatment. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 1:255–291

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Southwick SM, Litz BT, Charney D, Friedman MJ (eds) (2011) Resilience and mental health: challenges across the lifespan. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Stathopoulou G, Powers MB, Berry AC, Smits JAJ, Otto MW (2006) Exercise Interventions for Mental Health: A Quantitative and Qualitative Review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract 13:179–193

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart M, Simich L, Beiser M, Makumbe K, Makwarimba E, Shizha E (2011) Impacts of a social support intervention for Somali and Sudanese refugees in Canada. Ethn Inequal Health Soc Care 4:186–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JMG et al (2000) Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol 68:615–623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL (2004) Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol 2:320–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tummala-Narra P (2007) Conceptualizing trauma and resilience across divers contexts: a multicultural perspective. In: Harvey MR, Tummala-Narra P (eds) Sources and expressions of resiliency in trauma survivors. Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Kolk BA (1996) The body keeps the score: approaches to psychobiology of post traumatic stress disorder. In: van der Kolk BA, McFarlane A, Weisaeth L (eds) Traumatic stress: the effects of overwhelming experience of mind, body and society. The Guilford Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Kolk BA (2006) Clinical implications of neuroscience research in PTSD. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071:277–293

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez C, Cervellon P, Perez-Sales P, Vidales D, Gaborit M (2005) Positive emotions in earthquake survivors in El Salvador (2001). Anxiety Disord 19:313–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh F (2007) Traumatic loss and major disasters: strengthening family and community resilience. Fam Process 46:207–227

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh F (2012) Family resilience; Strengths forged through adversity. In : Walsh F (ed.) Normal Family Processes (4th ed. pp. 399–427), New York, Guilford Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisberg RB, Bruce SE, Machan JT, Kessler RC, Culpepper L, Keller MB (2002) Nonpsychiatric illness among primary care patients with trauma histories and posttraumatic stress disorder. Psychiatr Serv 53:848–854

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yehuda R, Flory JD, Southwick S, Charney DS (2006) Developing an agenda for translational studies of resilience and vulnerability following trauma exposure. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1071:379–396

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zubin J, Spring B (1977) Vulnerability: a new view of schizophrenia. J Abnorm Psychol 86:103–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cornelis J. Laban MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Laban, C.J. (2015). Resilience-Oriented Treatment of Traumatised Asylum Seekers and Refugees. In: Schouler-Ocak, M. (eds) Trauma and Migration. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17335-1_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17335-1_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-17334-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-17335-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics