Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Update of Endodontic Irrigating Solutions

  • Chapter
Endodontic Irrigation

Abstract

Successful root canal therapy depends on thorough debridement of pulpal tissue, dentin debris, and infective microorganisms. Currently, it is impossible to predictably eradicate intraradicular infection with mechanical instrumentation alone. Therefore, irrigants are required to be used as an important addition in the disinfection process. This chapter analyzes the main irrigating solutions used during the endodontic treatment and their actions and interactions among them. Explanation of their mechanism of action and effect on dentin structure and on biofilm is also described. A clinical protocol is proposed at the end of the chapter.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Arias-Moliz MT, Ordinola-Zapata R, Baca P, Ruiz-Linares M, Ferrer-Luque CM. Antimicrobial activity of a sodium hypochlorite/etidronic acid irrigant solution. J Endod. 2014;40(12):1999–2002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Autegarden JE, Pecquet C, Huet S, Bayrou O, Leynadier F. Anaphylactic shock after application of chlorhexidine to unbroken skin. Contact Dermatitis. 1999;40:215–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Baker NE, Liewehr FR, Buxton TB, Joyce AP. Antibacterial efficacy of calcium hydroxide, iodine potassium iodide, betadine, and betadine scrub with and without surfactant against E faecalis in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2004;98:359.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Barbosa CA, Goncalves RB, Siqueira Jr JF, De Uzeda M. Evaluation of the antibacterial activities of calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine, and camphorated paramonochlorophenol as intracanal medicament. A clinical and laboratory study. J Endod. 1997;23:297–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Basrani B, Ghanem A, Tjäderhane L. Physical and chemical properties of chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide-containing medications. J Endod. 2004;30:413–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Basrani B, Lemonie C. Chlorhexidine gluconate. Aust Endod J. 2005;31:48–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Basrani BR, Manek S, Sodhi RN, Fillery E, Manzur A. Interaction between sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine gluconate. J Endod. 2007;33(8):966.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Basrani BR, Manek S, Fillery E. Using diazotization to characterize the effect of heat or sodium hypochlorite on 2.0% chlorhexidine. J Endod. 2009;35(9):1296–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Basrani B, Santos JM, Tjäderhane L, Grad H, Gorduysus O, Huang J, Lawrence HP, Friedman S. Substantive antimicrobial activity in chlorhexidine-treated human root dentin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2002;94:240–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Basrani B, Tjäderhane L, Santos JM, Pascon E, Grad H, Lawrence HP, Friedman S. Efficacy of chlorhexidine- and calcium hydroxide-containing medicaments against enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;96:618–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cameron JA. The effect of ultrasonic endodontics on the temperature of the root canal wall. J Endod. 1988;14(11):554–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Clegg MS, Vertucci FJ, Walker C, Belanger M, Britto LR. The effect of exposure to irrigant solutions on apical dentin biofilms in vitro. J Endod. 2006;32:434–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Dai L, Khechen K, Khan S, Gillen B, Loushine BA, Wimmer CE, Gutmann JL, Pashley D, Tay FR. The effects of QMiX, an experimental antibacterial root canal irrigant, on removal of canal wall smear layer and debris. J Endod. 2011;37:80–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Davies A. The mode of action of chlorhexidine. J Periodontal Res. 1973;12:68–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Davis JM, Maki J, Bahcall JK. An in vitro comparison of the antimicrobial effects of various endodontic medicaments on enterococcus faecalis. J Endod. 2007;33:567–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Denton G. Chlorhexidine. In: Block SS, editor. Disinfection, sterilization and preservation. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger; 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Dutner J, Mines P, Anderson A. Irrigation trends among American Association of Endodontists members: a web-based survey. J Endod. 2012;38(1):37–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Ebo DG, Stevens WJ, Bridts CH, Matthieu L. Contact allergic dermatitis and life-threatening anaphylaxis to chlorhexidine. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;101:128–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Emilson CG, Ericson T, Heyden G, Magnusson BC. Uptake of chlorhexidine to hydroxyapatite. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1973;17:17–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Estrela C, Estrela CR, Barbin EL, Spano JC, Marchesan MA, Pecora JD. Mechanism of action of sodium hypochlorite. Braz Dent J. 2002;13:113.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Giardino L, Ambu E, Savoldi E, Rimondini R, Cassanelli C, Debbia EA. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of sodium hypochlorite, MTAD, And Tetraclean against enterococcus faecalis biofilm. J Endod. 2007;33:852–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Goldman M, Kronman JH, Goldman LB, Clausen H, Grady J. New method of irrigation during endodontic treatment. J Endod. 1976;2:257–60.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Gopikrishna V, Pare S, Pradeep Kumar A, Lakshmi Narayanan L. Irrigation protocol among endodontic faculty and post-graduate students in dental colleges of India: a survey. J Conserv Dent. 2013;16(5):394–8.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Grawehr M, Sener B, Waltimo T, Zehnder M. Interactions of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid with sodium hypochlorite in aqueous solutions. Int Endod J. 2003;36:411–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Greenstein G, Berman C, Jaffin R. Chlorhexidine. An adjunct to periodontal therapy. J Periodontol. 1986;57:370–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Grossman L, Meiman B. Solution of pulp tissue by chemical agent. J Am Dent Assoc. 1941;28:223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Gulabivala K, Ng Y-L, Gilbertson M, Eames I. The fluid mechanics of root canal irrigation. Physiol Meas. 2010;31:R49.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Gulabivala K, Patel B, Evans G, et al. Effects of mechanical and chemical procedures on root canal surfaces. Endod Top. 2005;10:103–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Haapasalo HK, Sirén EK, Waltimo TM, Ørstavik D, Haapasalo MP. Inactivation of local root canal medicaments by dentine: an in vitro study. Int Endod J. 2000;33(2):126–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Haapasalo M. Can I use chlorhexidine as the only irrigating solution in my endodontic treatments? J Can Dent Assoc. 2011;77:b16.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Haznedaroglu F, Ersev H. Tetracycline HCl solution as a root canal irrigant. J Endod. 2001;27:738.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Heling I, Chandler NP. Antimicrobial effect of irrigant combinations within dentinal tubules. Int Endod J. 1998;31:8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Hennessey TS. Some antibacterial properties of chlorhexidine. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1973;12:61–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Hjeljord LG, Rolla G, Bonesvoll P. Chlorhexidine-protein interactions. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1973;12:11–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Hübscher W, Barbakow F, Peters OA. Root canal preparation with FlexMaster: asessment of torque and force in relation to canal anatomy. Int Endod J. 2003;36(12):883–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Hugo W, Longworth A. Some aspects of the mode of action of chlorhexidine. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1964;16:751–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Hugo WB, Longworth AR. The effect of chlorhexidine on the electrophoretic mobility, cytoplasmic constituents, dehydrogenase activity and cell walls of excherichia coli and staphylococcus Aureus. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1966;18:569–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Hülsmann M, Heckendorff M, Lennon A. Chelating agents in root canal treatment: mode of action and indications for their use. Int Endod J. 2003;36(12):810–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hülsmann M, Rödig T, Nordmeyer S. Complications during root canal irrigation. Endod Top. 2007;16(1):27–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Jeansonne MJ, White RR. A comparison of 2.0% chlorhexidine gluconate and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite as antimicrobial endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 1994;20:276–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Kho P, Baumgartner JC. A comparison of the antimicrobial efficacy of naocl/biopure MTAD versus NaOCl/EDTA against enterococcus faecalis. J Endod. 2006;32:652–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Kishen A. Advanced therapeutic options for endodontic biofilms. Endod Top. 2012;22(1):99–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Kishen A, Haapasalo M. Biofilm models and methods of biofilm assessment. Endod Top. 2010;22(1):58–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Kolosowski KP, Sodhi RN, Kishen A, Basrani BR. Qualitative analysis of precipitate formation on the surface and in the tubules of dentin irrigated with sodium hypochlorite and a final rinse of chlorhexidine or QMiX. J Endod. 2014;40:2036–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Komorowski R, Grad H, Wu XY, Friedman S. Antimicrobial substantivity of chlorhexidine-treated bovine root dentin. J Endod. 2000;26:315–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Krause TA, Liewehr FR, Hahn CL. The antimicrobial effect of mtad, sodium hypochlorite, doxycycline, and citric acid on enterococcus faecalis. J Endod. 2007;33:28–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Krautheim AB, Jermann TH, Bircher AJ. Chlorhexidine anaphylaxis: case report and review of the literature. Contact Dermatitis. 2004;50:113–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kuruvilla JR, Kamath MP. Antimicrobial activity of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate separately and combined, as endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 1998;24:472.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Leonardo MR, Tanomaru Filho M, Silva LA, Nelson Filho P, Bonifacio KC, Ito IY. In vivo antimicrobial activity of 2% chlorhexidine used as a root canal irrigating solution. J Endod. 1999;25:167.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Lin S, Zuckerman O, Weiss EI, Fuss Z. Antibacterial efficacy of a new chlorhexidine slow-releasing device to disinfect dentinal tubules. J Endod. 2003;29:416–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lindskog S, Pierce A, Blomlof L. Chlorhexidine as a root canal medicament for treating inflammatory lesions in the periodontal space. Endod Dent Traumatol. 1998;14:181–90.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lottanti S, Gautschi H, Sener B, Zehnder M. Effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic, etidronic and peracetic acid irrigation on human root dentine and the smear layer. Int Endod J. 2009;42:335–43.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Macedo R, Verhaagen B, Rivas DF, Versluis M, Wesselink P, van der Sluis L. Cavitation measurement during sonic and ultrasonic activated irrigation. J Endod. 2014;40:580. Teresa Arias-Moliz, DDS, PhD,* Ronald Ordinola-Zapata, DDS, MSc, PhD, † ‡ JOE in press.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Magnusson B, Heyden G. Autoradiographic studies of 14c-chlorhexidine given orally in mice. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1973;12:49–54.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Malkhassian G, Manzur AJ, Legner M, Fillery ED, Manek S, Basrani BR, Friedman S. Antibacterial efficacy of MTAD final rinse and two percent chlorhexidine gel medication in teeth with apical periodontitis: a randomized double-blinded clinical trial. J Endod. 2009;35:1483–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Manzur A, Gonzalez AM, Pozos A, Silva-Herzog D, Friedman S. Bacterial quantification in teeth with apical periodontitis related to instrumentation and different intracanal medications: a randomized clinical trial. J Endod. 2007;33:114–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Moorer WR, Wesselink PR. Factors promoting the tissue dissolving capability of sodium hypochlorite. Int Endod J. 1982;15:187–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Morgental RD, Singh A, Sappal H, Kopper PM, Vier-Pelisser FV, Peters OA. Dentin inhibits the antibacterial effect of new and conventional endodontic irrigants. J Endod. 2013;39(3):406–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Ng YL, Mann V, Gulabivala K. A prospective study of the factors affecting outcomes of nonsurgical root canal treatment: part 1: periapical health. Int Endod J. 2011;44(7):583–609.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Ohara P, Torabinejad M, Kettering JD. Antibacterial effects of various endodontic medicaments on selected anaerobic bacteria. J Endod. 1993;19(10):498–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ordinola-Zapata R, Bramante CM, Garcia RB, de Andrade FB, Bernardineli N, de Moraes IG, Duarte MA. The antimicrobial effect of new and conventional endodontic irrigants on intra-orally infected dentin. Acta Odontol Scand. 2013;71(3–4):424–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Paque F, Laib A, Gautschi H, Zehnder M. Hard-tissue debris accumulation analysis by high-resolution computed tomography scans. J Endod. 2009;35:1044–7.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Paquette L, Legner M, Fillery ED, Friedman S. Antibacterial efficacy of chlorhexidine gluconate intracanal medication in vivo. J Endod. 2007;33:788–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Peters OA. Current challenges and concepts in the preparation of root canal systems: a review. J Endod. 2004;30:559.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Pham NH, Weiner JM, Reisner GS, Baldo BA. Anaphylaxis to chlorhexidine. Case report. Implication of immunoglobulin e antibodies and identification of an allergenic determinant. Clin Exp Allergy. 2000;30:1001–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Portenier I, Haapasalo H, Orstavik D, Yamauchi M, Haapasalo M. Inactivation of the antibacterial activity of iodine potassium iodide and chlorhexidine digluconate against Enterococcus faecalis by dentin, dentin matrix, type-I collagen, and heat-killed microbial whole cells. J Endod. 2002;28(9):634–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Portenier I, Haapasalo H, Rye A, Waltimo T, Ørstavik D, Haapasalo M. Inactivation of root canal medicaments by dentine, hydroxylapatite and bovine serum albumin. Int Endod J. 2001;34(3):184–8.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Prado M, Santos Júnior HM, Rezende CM, Pinto AC, Faria RB, Simão RA, Gomes BP. Interactions between irrigants commonly used in endodontic practice: a chemical analysis. J Endod. 2013;39(4):505–10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Qian W, Shen Y, Haapasalo M. Quantitative analysis of the effect of irrigant solution sequences on dentin erosion. J Endod. 2011;37(10):1437–41.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Rasimick BJ, Nekich M, Hladek MM, Musikant BL, Deutsch AS. Interaction between chlorhexidine digluconate and EDTA. J Endod. 2008;34:1521–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ringel AM, Patterson SS, Newton CW, Miller CH, Mulhern JM. In vivo evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate solution and sodium hypochlorite solution as root canal irrigants. J Endod. 1982;8:200–4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Rocha AW, de Andrade CD, Leitune VC, Collares FM, Samuel SM, Grecca FS, de Figueiredo JA, dos Santos RB. Influence of endodontic irrigants on resin sealer bond strength to radicular dentin. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2012;53(1):1–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Rölla G, Löe H, Schiott CR. The affinity of chlorhexidine for hydroxyapatite and salivary mucins. J Periodontal Res Suppl. 1970;5:90–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Scully C, Ng YL, Gulabivala K. Systemic complications due to endodontic manipulations. Endod Top. 2003;4:60–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Shabahang S, Pouresmail M, Torabinejad M. In vitro antimicrobial efficacy of mtad and sodium hypochlorite. J Endod. 2003;450–452.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Shabahang S, Torabinejad M. Effect of MTAD on enterococcus faecalis-contaminated root canals of extracted human teeth. J Endod. 2003;29(9):576–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Shrestha A, Kishen A. The effect of tissue inhibitors on the antibacterial activity of chitosan nanoparticles and photodynamic therapy. J Endod. 2012;38(9):1275–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Siqueira Jr JF, Batista MM, Fraga RC, de Uzeda M. Antibacterial effects of endodontic irrigants on black-pigmented gram-negative anaerobes and facultative bacteria. J Endod. 1998;24:414.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Siqueira Jr JF, Machado AG, Silveira RM, Lopes HP, De Uzeda M. Evaluation of the effectiveness of sodium hypochlorite used with three irrigation methods in the elimination of Enterococcus faecalis from the root canal, in vitro. Int Endod J. 1997;30(4):279–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Siqueira Jr JF, Rôças IN, Paiva SS, Guimarães-Pinto T, Magalhães KM, Lima KC. Bacteriologic investigation of the effects of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine during the endodontic treatment of teeth with apical periodontitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2007;104(1):122–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Snellman E, Rantanen T. Severe anaphylaxis after a chlorhexidine bath. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1999;40:771–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  82. Stojicic S, Shen Y, Qian W, Johnson B, Haapasalo M. Antibacterial and smear layer removal ability of a novel irrigant, QMiX. Int Endod J. 2012;45:363–71.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Sum CP, Neo J, Kishen A. What we leave behind in root canals after endodontic treatment: some issues and concerns. Aust Endod J. 2005;31(3):94–100.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sundqvist G. Bacteriological studies of necrotic dental pulps. Journal: Umae Univ Odontological Dissertations. Jan 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Tartari T, Duarte Junior AP, Silva Júnior JOC, Klautau EB, Mario Honorato Silva E Souza Junior; Patrícia de Almeida Rodrigues Silva E Souza. Etidronate from medicine to endodontics: effects of different irrigation regimes on root dentin roughness. J Appl Oral Sci. 2013;21(5):409–15.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Tartari BM, Guimarães LS, Amoras MA, Duarte PA, Silva e Souza CM. Bramante Etidronate causes minimal changes in the sodium hypochlorite ability to dissolve organic matter. Int Endod J. 2015;48:399–404.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Tay FR, Hosoya Y, Loushine RJ, Pashley DH, Weller RN, Low DC. Ultrastructure of intraradicular dentin after irrigation with BioPure MTAD. II. The consequence of obturation with an epoxy resin-based sealer. J Endod. 2006;32:473.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Tay FR, Pashley DH, Loushine RJ, Doyle MD, Gillespie WT, Weller RN, et al. Ultrastructure of smear layer-covered intraradicular dentin after irrigation with BioPure MTAD. J Endod. 2006;32:218.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Torabinejad M, Johnson WB, Inventors; US patent and trademark office, assignee. Irrigation solution and methods for use. USA. 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Torabinejad M, Johnson WB; inventors. Irrigation solution and methods for use. US Patent 20,030,235,804, 25 Dec 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Torabinejad M, Shabahang S, Aprecio RM, Kettering JD. The antimicrobial effect of mtad: an in vitro investigation. J Endod. 2003;29:400–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Turesky S, Warner V, Lin PS, Soloway B. Prolongation of antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine adsorbed to teeth. Effect of sulfates. J Periodontol. 1977;48:646–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Vianna ME, Horz HP, Gomes BP, Conrads G. In vivo evaluation of microbial reduction after chemo-mechanical preparation of human root canals containing necrotic pulp tissue. Int Endod J. 2006;39:484–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Willershausen I, Wolf TG, Schmidtmann I, Berger C, Ehlers V, Willershausen B, Briseño B. Survey of root canal irrigating solutions used in dental practices within Germany. Int Endod J. 2014:1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Zamany A, Safavi K, Spangberg LSW. The effect of chlorhexidine as an endodontic disinfectant. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2003;96:578–81.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Zehnder M. Root canal irrigants. J Endod. 2006;32(5):389–98. Review.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Zehnder M, Paque F. Disinfection of the root canal system during root canal re-treatment. Endod Top. 2008;19(1):58–73. Article first published online: 26 MAY 2011.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Zehnder M, Schmidlin P, Sener B, Waltimo T. Chelation in root canal therapy reconsidered. J Endod. 2005;31:817–20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Zou L, Shen Y, Li W, Haapasalo M. Penetration of sodium hypochlorite into dentin. J Endod. 2010;36(5):793–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Director M.Sc. Endodontics Program, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 348C-124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, M5G1G6, Canada

    Bettina Basrani DDS, MSc, RCDC (F), PhD (Associate Professor)

  2. Discipline of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

    Gevik Malkhassian DDS, MSc, FRCD(C) (Assistant Professor)

Authors
  1. Bettina Basrani DDS, MSc, RCDC (F), PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gevik Malkhassian DDS, MSc, FRCD(C)
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bettina Basrani DDS, MSc, RCDC (F), PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada

    Bettina Basrani

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Basrani, B., Malkhassian, G. (2015). Update of Endodontic Irrigating Solutions. In: Basrani, B. (eds) Endodontic Irrigation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16456-4_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16456-4_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16455-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16456-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation