Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a well coordinated and protective mechanism, which is characterized by redness, pain, swelling and temperature. Low neuroinflammation for a short duration produces neuroprotective effects in the brain, but both acute and long term chronic neuroinflammation produces neurodegenerative effects. At the cellular level, neuroinflammation is accompanied by activation of microglia and astrocytes. At the molecular level, neuroinflammation is companied by the generation of high levels of PGs, LTs, and TXs and increased expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 IL-8, CXC, and chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). These mediators along with ROS, and NO impair mitochondrial function by inducing the accumulation of mtDNA mutations and inhibiting mitochondrial respiratory chain and energy production. Neuroinflammation is an early event in the amyloid pathology and precedes plaque deposition in human subjects and experimental models of AD. Curcumin is an excellent antioxidant antiinflammatory agent. It can cross BBB and inhibits cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities leading to decrease in generation of PGs, LTs, and TXs. It also inhibits the production of NO, TNF-α, and IL-1β. Curcumin mediates its beneficial effect not only by modulating APP processing and downregulating gene expression of proteins associated by apoptosis and neuroinflammation, but also by increasing Aβ uptake by macrophages. Curcumin also induces heat shock proteins and reduces protein misfolding and aggregation.
Keywords
- Microglial cells
- Inflammasome
- Neuroinflammation
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
- Thromboxanes
- Tumor necrosis factor-α
- Interleukin-1β
- Interleukin-6
- Interleukin-8
- Chemokines
- Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- Matrix metalloproteinase-9
- Cyclooxygenase-2
- 5-Lipoxygenase
- Adhesion molecules
- Immune response
- Toll-like receptor 4
- Overnutrition
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Farooqui, A.A. (2016). Effects of Curcumin on Neuroinflammation in Animal Models and in Patients with Alzheimer Disease. In: Therapeutic Potentials of Curcumin for Alzheimer Disease. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15889-1_7
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