Abstract
Populus species are among the fastest-growing temperate trees. Poplar and aspen genotypes are used as a source of fiber, fuel, and shelter. Populus has not only been used as a model for studying wood development, but is also emerging as a model plant for studying xylem and aquaporin function. This chapter discusses general characteristics of poplar xylem. Recent findings on transport efficiency, vulnerability to embolism formation, and phenotypic plasticity are synthesized. The data indicates that growing conditions can have a strong effect on vessel diameters, transport efficiency, and cavitation resistance. In boreal environments, narrow vessels may be advantageous for sustained tree growth. Trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) has recently shown widespread die-off across many parts of western North America, and mortality has been linked with hydraulic failure of roots and branches. Poplar species and their hybrids vary tremendously in their stomatal sensitivity to water deficits. Even within a species, stomatal behavior may vary depending on the site and growing conditions. Radial exchange of water between phloem, cambium, xylem, and pith is likely facilitated by aquaporins. These water channels could impact various processes including root water uptake and wood development.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Almeida-Rodriguez AM, Cooke JEK, Yeh F, Zwiazek JJ (2010) Functional characterization of drought-responsive aquaporins in Populus balsamifera and Populus simonii × balsamifera clones with different drought resistance strategies. Physiol Plant 140:321–333
Almeida-Rodriguez AM, Hacke UG (2012) Cellular localization of aquaporin mRNA in hybrid poplar stems. Am J Bot 99:1249–1254
Aloni R, Zimmermann MH (1983) The control of vessel size and density along the plant axis. Differentiation 24:203–208
Anderegg WRL, Berry JA, Smith DD, Sperry JS, Anderegg LDL, Field CB (2012) The roles of hydraulic and carbon stress in a widespread climate-induced forest die-off. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 109:233–237
Anderegg WRL, Plavcová L, Anderegg LDL, Hacke UG, Berry JA, Field CB (2013) Drought’s legacy: multi-year hydraulic deterioration underlies widespread aspen forest die-off and portends increased future risk. Glob Chang Biol 19:1188–1196
Arango-Velez A, Zwiazek JJ, Thomas BR, Tyree MT (2011) Stomatal factors and vulnerability of stem xylem to cavitation in poplars. Physiol Plant 143:154–165
Arend M (2008) Immunolocalization of (1, 4)-β-galactan in tension wood fibers of poplar. Tree Physiol 28:1263–1267
Arend M, Fromm J (2007) Seasonal change in the drought response of wood cell development in poplar. Tree Physiol 27:985–992
Awad H, Barigah T, Badel E, Cochard H, Herbette S (2010) Poplar vulnerability to xylem cavitation acclimates to drier soil conditions. Physiol Plant 139:280–288
Balatinecz JJ, Kretschmann DE, Leclercq A (2001) Achievements in the utilization of poplar wood-guideposts for the future. Forestry Chronicle 77:265–269
Berta M, Giovannelli A, Sebastiani F, Camussi A, Racchi ML (2010) Transcriptome changes in the cambial region of poplar (Populus alba L.) in response to water deficit. Plant Biol 12:341–354
Bhaskar R, Valiente-Banuet A, Ackerly DD (2007) Evolution of hydraulic traits in closely related species pairs from mediterranean and nonmediterranean environments of North America. New Phytol 176:718–726
Blake TJ, Sperry JS, Tschaplinski TJ, Wang SS (1996) Water relations. In: Stettler RF, Bradshaw HD, Heilman PE, Hinckley TM (eds) Biology of Populus and its implications for management and conservation. NRC, Ottawa, pp 401–442
Bobich EG, Barron-Gafford GA, Rascher KG, Murthy R (2010) Effects of drought and changes in vapour pressure deficit on water relations of Populus deltoides growing in ambient and elevated CO2. Tree Physiol 30:866–875
Bogeat-Triboulot M-B, Brosché M, Renaut J, Jouve L, Le Thiec D, Fayyaz P, Vinocur B, Witters E, Laukens K, Teichmann T (2007) Gradual soil water depletion results in reversible changes of gene expression, protein profiles, ecophysiology, and growth performance in Populus euphratica, a poplar growing in arid regions. Plant Physiol 143:876–892
Bradshaw HD, Ceulemans R, Davis J, Stettler R (2000) Emerging model systems in plant biology: poplar (Populus) as a model forest tree. J Plant Growth Regul 19:306–313
Brodribb TJ, Holbrook NM, Gutierrez MV (2002) Hydraulic and photosynthetic co-ordination in seasonally dry tropical forest trees. Plant Cell Environ 25:1435–1444
Cai J, Tyree MT (2010) The impact of vessel size on vulnerability curves: data and models for within-species variability in saplings of aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx. Plant Cell Environ 33:1059–1069
Ceulemans R, Impens I, Imler R (1988) Stomatal conductance and stomatal behavior in Populus clones and hybrids. Can J Bot 66:1404–1414
Choat B, Jansen S, Brodribb TJ, Cochard H, Delzon S, Bhaskar R, Bucci SJ, Feild TS, Gleason SM, Hacke UG, Jacobsen AL, Lens F, Maherali H, Martinez-Vilalta J, Mayr S, Mencuccini M, Mitchell PJ, Nardini A, Pittermann J, Pratt RB, Sperry JS, Westoby M, Wright IJ, Zanne AE (2012) Global convergence in the vulnerability of forests to drought. Nature 491:752–755
Cirelli D (2014) Whole-plant transpiration in Populus sp.: its determination, nocturnal effects and influence by form of nitrogen. University of Alberta, Edmonton
Coleman HD, Samuels AL, Guy RD, Mansfield SD (2008) Perturbed lignification impacts tree growth in hybrid poplar—a function of sink strength, vascular integrity, and photosynthetic assimilation. Plant Physiol 148:1229–1237
Cooke JEK, Rood SB (2007) Trees of the people: the growing science of poplars in Canada and worldwide. Can J Bot 85:1103–1110
DesRochers A, van den Driessche R, Thomas BR (2007) The interaction between nitrogen source, soil pH, and drought in the growth and physiology of three poplar clones. Can J Bot 85:1046–1057
Eckenwalder JE (1996) Systematics and evolution of Populus. In: Stettler RF, Bradshaw JR, Heilman PE, Hinckley TM (eds) Biology of Populus and its implications for management and conservation. Part I, Chapter 1. NRC, Ottawa, pp 7–32
Escalante-Pérez M, Lautner S, Nehls U, Selle A, Teuber M, Schnitzler J-P, Teichmann T, Fayyaz P, Hartung W, Polle A (2009) Salt stress affects xylem differentiation of grey poplar (Populus × canescens). Planta 229:299–309
Fichot R, Barigah TS, Chamaillard S, Le Thiec D, Laurans F, Cochard H, Brignolas F (2010) Common trade-offs between xylem resistance to cavitation and other physiological traits do not hold among unrelated Populus deltoides × Populus nigra hybrids. Plant Cell Environ 33:1553–1568
Fichot R, Laurans F, Monclus R, Moreau A, Pilate G, Brignolas F (2009) Xylem anatomy correlates with gas exchange, water-use efficiency and growth performance under contrasting water regimes: evidence from Populus deltoides × Populus nigra hybrids. Tree Physiol 29:1537–1549
Galvez DA, Landhäusser S, Tyree M (2013) Low root reserve accumulation during drought may lead to winter mortality in poplar seedlings. New Phytol 198:139–148
Galvez DA, Landhäusser SM, Tyree MT (2011) Root carbon reserve dynamics in aspen seedlings: does simulated drought induce reserve limitation? Tree Physiol 31:250–257
Gleason SM, Butler DW, Ziemińska K, Waryszak P, Westoby M (2012) Stem xylem conductivity is key to plant water balance across Australian angiosperm species. Functional Ecol 26:343–352
Gomes D, Agasse A, Thiébaud P, Delrot S, Gerós H, Chaumont F (2009) Aquaporins are multifunctional water and solute transporters highly divergent in living organisms. Biochim Biophys Acta 1788:1213–1228
Goue N, Lesage-Descauses MC, Mellerowicz EJ, Magel E, Label P, Sundberg B (2008) Microgenomic analysis reveals cell type-specific gene expression patterns between ray and fusiform initials within the cambial meristem of Populus. New Phytol 180:45–56
Groover AT, Nieminen K, Helariutta Y, Mansfield SD (2010) Wood Formation in Populus. In: Jansson S, Bhalerao RP, Groover AT (eds) Genetics and genomics of Populus, vol 8, Plant genetics and genomics: crops and models. Springer, New York, pp 201–224. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1541-2_10
Gupta AB, Sankararamakrishnan R (2009) Genome-wide analysis of major intrinsic proteins in the tree plant Populus trichocarpa: characterization of XIP subfamily of aquaporins from evolutionary perspective. BMC Plant Biol 9:134
Hacke U, Sauter JJ (1995) Vulnerability of xylem to embolism in relation to leaf water potential and stomatal conductance in Fagus sylvatica f. purpurea and Populus balsamifera. J Exp Bot 46:1177–1183
Hacke U, Sauter JJ (1996) Drought-induced xylem dysfunction in petioles, branches, and roots of Populus balsamifera L. and Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. Plant Physiol 111:413–417
Hacke UG (2014) Irradiance-induced changes in hydraulic architecture. Botany 92:437–442
Hacke UG, Jacobsen AL, Brandon Pratt R, Maurel C, Lachenbruch B, Zwiazek J (2012) New research on plant–water relations examines the molecular, structural, and physiological mechanisms of plant responses to their environment. New Phytol 196:345–348
Hacke UG, Plavcová L, Almeida-Rodriguez A, King-Jones S, Zhou W, Cooke JEK (2010) Influence of nitrogen fertilization on xylem traits and aquaporin expression in stems of hybrid poplar. Tree Physiol 30:1016–1025
Hacke UG, Sperry JS, Pockman WT, Davis SD, McCulloh KA (2001a) Trends in wood density and structure are linked to prevention of xylem implosion by negative pressure. Oecologia 126:457–461
Hacke UG, Sperry JS, Wheeler JK, Castro L (2006) Scaling of angiosperm xylem structure with safety and efficiency. Tree Physiol 26:689–701
Hacke UG, Stiller V, Sperry JS, Pittermann J, McCulloh KA (2001b) Cavitation fatigue. Embolism and refilling cycles can weaken the cavitation resistance of xylem. Plant Physiol 125:779–786
Hacke UG, Venturas MD, MacKinnon ED, Jacobsen AL, Sperry JS, Pratt RB (2015) The standard centrifuge method accurately measures vulnerability curves of long-vesselled olive stems. New Phytol 205:116–127
Hajek P, Leuschner C, Hertel D, Delzon S, Schuldt B (2014) Trade-offs between xylem hydraulic properties, wood anatomy and yield in Populus. Tree Physiol 34:744–756
Harvey HP, van den Driessche R (1997) Nutrition, xylem cavitation and drought resistance in hybrid poplar. Tree Physiol 17:647–654
Harvey HP, van den Driessche R (1999) Nitrogen and potassium effects on xylem cavitation and water-use efficiency in poplars. Tree Physiol 19:943–950
Heilman PE, Hinckley TM, Roberts DA, Ceulemans R (1996) Production physiology. In: Stettler RF, Bradshaw HD, Heilman PE, Hinckley TM (eds) Biology of Populus and its implications for management and conservation. NRC, Ottawa, pp 459–489
Herrera M, Garvin JL (2011) Aquaporins as gas channels. Pflugers Arch 462:623–630
Hogg EH, Saugier B, Pontailler J-Y, Black T, Chen W, Hurdle P, Wu A (2000) Responses of trembling aspen and hazelnut to vapor pressure deficit in a boreal deciduous forest. Tree Physiol 20:725–734
Jacobsen AL, Ewers FW, Pratt RB, Paddock WA, Davis SD (2005) Do xylem fibers affect vessel cavitation resistance? Plant Physiol 139:546–556
Jacobsen AL, Pratt RB, Davis SD, Ewers FW (2007) Cavitation resistance and seasonal hydraulics differ among three arid Californian plant communities. Plant Cell Environ 30:1599–1609
Jacobsen AL, Pratt RB, Tobin MF, Hacke UG, Ewers FW (2012) A global analysis of xylem vessel length in woody plants. Am J Bot 99:1583–1591
Jansson S, Douglas CJ (2007) Populus: a model system for plant biology. Annu Rev Plant Biol 58:435–458
Jones HG, Sutherland R (1991) Stomatal control of xylem embolism. Plant Cell Environ 14:607–612
Junghans U, Langenfeld-Heyser R, Polle A, Teichmann T (2004) Effect of auxin transport inhibitors and ethylene on the wood anatomy of poplar. Plant Biol 6:22–29
Junghans U, Polle A, Duchting P, Weiler E, Kuhlman B, Gruber F, Teichmann T (2006) Adaptation to high salinity in poplar involves changes in xylem anatomy and auxin physiology. Plant Cell Environ 29:1519–1531
Kim JS, Daniel G (2013) Developmental localization of homogalacturonan and xyloglucan epitopes in pit membranes varies between pit types in two poplar species. Iawa J 34:245–262
Kitin P, Voelker SL, Meinzer FC, Beeckman H, Strauss SH, Lachenbruch B (2010) Tyloses and phenolic deposits in xylem vessels impede water transport in low-lignin transgenic poplars: a study by cryo-fluorescence microscopy. Plant Physiol 154:887–898
Koehler L, Ewers FW, Telewski FW (2006) Optimizing for multiple functions: mechanical and structural contributions of cellulose microfibrils and lignin in strengthening tissues. In: Stokke DD, Groom LH (eds) Characterization of the cellulosic cell wall. Blackwell, Ames, pp 20–29
Kostiainen K, Saranpaa P, Lundqvist S-O, Kubiske ME, Vapaavuori E (2014) Wood properties of Populus and Betula in long-term exposure to elevated CO2 and O3. Plant Cell Environ 37:1452–1463
Laur J, Hacke UG (2013) Transpirational demand affects aquaporin expression in poplar roots. J Exp Bot 64:2283–2293
Laur J, Hacke UG (2014) The role of water channel proteins in facilitating recovery of leaf hydraulic conductance from water stress in Populus trichocarpa. PLoS One 9:e111751
Lautner S (2013) Wood formation under drought stress and salinity. In: Fromm J (ed) Cellular aspects of wood formation. Springer, Berlin, pp 187–202
Lens F, Sperry JS, Christman MA, Choat B, Rabaey D, Jansen S (2010) Testing hypotheses that link wood anatomy to cavitation resistance and hydraulic conductivity in the genus Acer. New Phytol 190:709–723
Li YY, Sperry JS, Taneda H, Bush SE, Hacke UG (2008) Evaluation of centrifugal methods for measuring xylem cavitation in conifers, diffuse- and ring-porous angiosperms. New Phytologist 177:558–568
Lieffers VJ, Landhausser SM, Hogg EH (2001) Is the wide distribution of aspen a result of its stress tolerance? In: Sustaining Aspen in Western landscapes: symposium proceedings, pp. 311–324
Lopez D, Bronner G, Brunel N, Auguin D, Bourgerie S, Brignolas F, Carpin S, Tournaire-Roux C, Maurel C, Fumanal B, Martin F, Sakr S, Label P, Julien JL, Gousset-Dupont A, Venisse JS (2012) Insights into Populus XIP aquaporins: evolutionary expansion, protein functionality, and environmental regulation. J Exp Bot 63:2217–2230
Luo ZB, Langenfeld-Heyser R, Calfapietra C, Polle A (2005) Influence of free air CO2 enrichment (EUROFACE) and nitrogen fertilisation on the anatomy of juvenile wood of three poplar species after coppicing. Trees-Struct Funct 19:109–118
Maherali H, Moura CF, Caldeira MC, Willson CJ, Jackson RB (2006) Functional coordination between leaf gas exchange and vulnerability to xylem cavitation in temperate forest trees. Plant Cell Environ 29:571–583
Mansfield SD, Kang KY, Chapple C (2012) Designed for deconstruction—poplar trees altered in cell wall lignification improve the efficacy of bioethanol production. New Phytol 194:91–101
Maurel C, Verdoucq L, Luu DT, Santoni V (2008) Plant aquaporins: membrane channels with multiple integrated functions. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59:595–624
Mellerowicz EJ, Baucher M, Sundberg B, Boerjan W (2001) Unravelling cell wall formation in the woody dicot stem. Plant Mol Biol 47:239–274
Michaelian M, Hogg EH, Hall RJ, Arsenault E (2011) Massive mortality of aspen following severe drought along the southern edge of the Canadian boreal forest. Global Change Biol 17:2084–2094
Nardini A, Lo Gullo MA, Salleo S (2011) Refilling embolized xylem conduits: is it a matter of phloem unloading? Plant Sci 180:604–611
Nilsson R, Bernfur K, Gustavsson N, Bygdell J, Wingsle G, Larsson C (2010) Proteomics of plasma membranes from poplar trees reveals tissue distribution of transporters, receptors, and proteins in cell wall formation. Mol Cell Proteom 9:368–387
Norby RJ, Zak DR (2011) Ecological lessons from free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments. Annu Rev Ecol Evol Syst 42:181
Papadopoulos MC, Verkman AS (2013) Aquaporin water channels in the nervous system. Nat Rev Neurosci 14:265–277
Pilate G, Guiney E, Holt K, Petit-Conil M, Lapierre C, Leplé J-C, Pollet B, Mila I, Webster EA, Marstorp HG (2002) Field and pulping performances of transgenic trees with altered lignification. Nat Biotechnol 20:607–612
Pinno BD, Landhäusser SM, MacKenzie MD, Quideau SA, Chow PS (2012) Trembling aspen seedling establishment, growth and response to fertilization on contrasting soils used in oil sands reclamation. Can J Soil Sci 92:143–151
Pitre FE, Cooke JEK, Mackay JJ (2007) Short-term effects of nitrogen availability on wood formation and fibre properties in hybrid poplar. Trees-Struct Funct 21:249–259
Plavcová L, Hacke UG (2011) Heterogeneous distribution of pectin epitopes and calcium in different pit types of four angiosperm species. New Phytol 192:885–897
Plavcová L, Hacke UG (2012) Phenotypic and developmental plasticity of xylem in hybrid poplar saplings subjected to experimental drought, nitrogen fertilization, and shading. J Exp Bot 63:6481–6491
Plavcová L, Hacke UG, Almeida-Rodriguez AM, Li E, Douglas CJ (2013) Gene expression patterns underlying changes in xylem structure and function in response to increased nitrogen availability in hybrid poplar. Plant Cell Environ 36:186–199
Plavcová L, Hacke UG, Sperry JS (2011) Linking irradiance-induced changes in pit membrane ultrastructure with xylem vulnerability to cavitation. Plant Cell Environ 34:501–513
Pockman WT, Sperry JS (2000) Vulnerability to xylem cavitation and the distribution of Sonoran desert vegetation. Am J Bot 87:1287–1299
Pratt RB, Jacobsen AL, Ewers FW, Davis SD (2007) Relationships among xylem transport, biomechanics and storage in stems and roots of nine Rhamnaceae species of the California chaparral. New Phytol 174:787–798
Pregitzer KS, Friend AL (1996) The structure and function of Populus root systems. Biology of Populus and its implications for management and conservation. NRC, Ottawa, pp 331–354
Rood SB, Braatne JH, Hughes FMR (2003) Ecophysiology of riparian cottonwoods: stream flow dependency, water relations and restoration. Tree Physiol 23:1113–1124
Rood SB, Patino S, Coombs K, Tyree MT (2000) Branch sacrifice: cavitation-associated drought adaptation of riparian cottonwoods. Trees 14:248–257
Sakr S, Alves G, Morillon RL, Maurel K, Decourteix M, Guilliot A, Fleurat-Lessard P, Julien JL, Chrispeels MJ (2003) Plasma membrane aquaporins are involved in winter embolism recovery in walnut tree. Plant Physiol 133:630–641
Sauter JJ, Iten W, Zimmermann MH (1973) Studies on the release of sugar into the vessels of sugar maple (Acer saccharum). Can J Bot 51:1–8
Sauter JJ, Kloth S (1986) Plasmodesmatal frequency and radial translocation rates in ray cells of poplar (Populus × canadensis Moench ‘robusta’). Planta 168:377–380
Schrader J, Nilsson J, Mellerowicz E, Berglund A, Nilsson P, Hertzberg M, Sandberg G (2004) A high-resolution transcript profile across the wood-forming meristem of poplar identifies potential regulators of cambial stem cell identity. Plant Cell 16:2278–2292
Schreiber S, Hacke UG, Hamann A (in press) Variation of xylem vessel diameters across a climate gradient: insight from a reciprocal transplant experiment with a widespread boreal tree. Funct Ecol. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12455
Schreiber SG, Hacke UG, Hamann A, Thomas BR (2011) Genetic variation of hydraulic and wood anatomical traits in hybrid poplar and trembling aspen. New Phytol 190:150–160
Schreiber SG, Hamann A, Hacke UG, Thomas BR (2013) Sixteen years of winter stress: an assessment of cold hardiness, growth performance and survival of hybrid poplar clones at a boreal planting site. Plant Cell Environ 36:419–428
Schulte P, Hinckley T (1987) The relationship between guard cell water potential and the aperture of stomata in Populus. Plant Cell Environ 10:313–318
Schulte P, Hinckley T, Stettler R (1987) Stomatal responses of Populus to leaf water potential. Can J Bot 65:255–260
Secchi F, Gilbert ME, Zwieniecki MA (2011) Transcriptome response to embolism formation in stems of Populus trichocarpa provides insight into signaling and the biology of refilling. Plant Physiol 157:1419–1429
Secchi F, Maciver B, Zeidel ML, Zwieniecki MA (2009) Functional analysis of putative genes encoding the PIP2 water channel subfamily in Populus trichocarpa. Tree Physiol 29:1467–1477
Secchi F, Zwieniecki MA (2010) Patterns of PIP gene expression in Populus trichocarpa during recovery from xylem embolism suggest a major role for the PIP1 aquaporin subfamily as moderators of refilling process. Plant Cell Environ 33:1285–1297
Secchi F, Zwieniecki MA (2011) Sensing embolism in xylem vessels: the role of sucrose as a trigger for refilling. Plant Cell Environ 34:514–524
Secchi F, Zwieniecki MA (2013) The physiological response of Populus tremula × alba leaves to the down-regulation of PIP1 aquaporin gene expression under no water stress. Front Plant Sci 4:507
Shatil-Cohen A, Attia Z, Moshelion M (2011) Bundle-sheath cell regulation of xylem-mesophyll water transport via aquaporins under drought stress: a target of xylem-borne ABA? Plant J 67:72–80
Siemens JA, Zwiazek JJ (2004) Changes in root water flow properties of solution culture-grown trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) seedlings under different intensities of water-deficit stress. Physiol Planta 121:44–49
Silim S, Nash R, Reynard D, White B, Schroeder W (2009) Leaf gas exchange and water potential responses to drought in nine poplar (Populus spp.) clones with contrasting drought tolerance. Trees-Struct Funct 23:959–969
Song DL, Xi W, Shen JH, Bi T, Li LG (2011) Characterization of the plasma membrane proteins and receptor-like kinases associated with secondary vascular differentiation in poplar. Plant Mol Biol 76:97–115
Sparks JP, Black RA (1999) Regulation of water loss in populations of Populus trichocarpa: the role of stomatal control in preventing xylem cavitation. Tree Physiol 19:453–459
Sperry JS (2003) Evolution of water transport and xylem structure. Int J Plant Sci 164:S115–S127
Sperry JS, Donnelly JR, Tyree MT (1988) A method for measuring hydraulic conductivity and embolism in xylem. Plant Cell Environ 11:35–40
Sperry JS, Hacke UG, Pittermann J (2006) Size and function in conifer tracheids and angiosperm vessels. Am J Bot 93:1490–1500
Sperry JS, Nichols KL, Sullivan JEM, Eastlack SE (1994) Xylem embolism in ring-porous, diffuse-porous, and coniferous trees of northern Utah and interior Alaska. Ecology 75:1736–1752
Spicer R, Groover A (2010) Evolution of development of vascular cambia and secondary growth. New Phytol 186:577–592
Stromberg J (2013) Root patterns and hydrogeomorphic niches of riparian plants in the American Southwest. J Arid Environ 94:1–9
Tardieu F, Simonneau T (1998) Variability among species of stomatal control under fluctuating soil water status and evaporative demand: modelling isohydric and anisohydric behaviours. J Exp Bot 49:419–432
Telewski F, Aloni R, Sauter J (1996) Physiology of secondary tissues of Populus. In: Stettler RF, Bradshaw HD, Heilman PE, Hinckley TM (eds) Biology of Populus and its implications for management and conservation. NRC, Ottawa, pp 301–329
Tricker PJ, Pecchiari M, Bunn SM, Vaccari FP, Peressotti A, Miglietta F, Taylor G (2009) Water use of a bioenergy plantation increases in a future high CO2 world. Biomass Bioenergy 33:200–208
Tyree MT, Ewers FW (1991) Tansley review no. 34: the hydraulic architecture of trees and other woody plants. New Phytol 119:345–360
Tyree MT, Kolb KJ, Rood SB, Patino S (1994) Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation of riparian cottonwoods in Alberta: a possible factor in the decline of the ecosystem? Tree Physiol 14:455–466
Tyree MT, Sperry JS (1988) Do woody plants operate near the point of catastrophic xylem dysfunction caused by dynamic water stress? Answers from a model. Plant Physiol 88:574–580
Tyree MT, Zimmermann MH (2002) Xylem structure and the ascent of sap, 2nd edn. Springer, Berlin
Uddling J, Teclaw RM, Kubiske ME, Pregitzer KS, Ellsworth DS (2008) Sap flux in pure aspen and mixed aspen–birch forests exposed to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone. Tree Physiol 28:1231–1243
Verkman A (2012) Aquaporins in clinical medicine. Annu Rev Med 63:303
Voelker SL, Lachenbruch B, Meinzer FC, Kitin P, Strauss SH (2011) Transgenic poplars with reduced lignin show impaired xylem conductivity, growth efficiency and survival. Plant Cell Environ 34:655–668
Wan XC, Landhausser SM, Zwiazek JJ, Lieffers VJ (1999) Root water flow and growth of aspen (Populus tremuloides) at low root temperatures. Tree Physiol 19:879–884
Woodrum CL, Ewers FW, Telewski FW (2003) Hydraulic, biomechanical, and anatomical interactions of xylem from five species of Acer (Aceraceae). Am J Bot 90:693–699
Worrall JJ, Marchetti SB, Egeland L, Mask RA, Eager T, Howell B (2010) Effects and etiology of sudden aspen decline in southwestern Colorado, USA. Forest Ecol Manag 260:638–648
Worrall JJ, Rehfeldt GE, Hamann A, Hogg EH, Marchetti SB, Michaelian M, Gray LK (2013) Recent declines of Populus tremuloides in North America linked to climate. Forest Ecol Manag 299:35–51
Zhong R, Ye Z-H (2013) Transcriptional regulation of wood formation in tree species. In: Fromm J (ed) Cellular aspects of wood formation. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 141–158
Zhong RQ, McCarthy RL, Lee C, Ye ZH (2011) Dissection of the transcriptional program regulating secondary wall biosynthesis during wood formation in poplar. Plant Physiol 157:1452–1468
Acknowledgements
Work in my laboratory was supported by grants from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, the Canada Foundation for Innovation, and by the Canada Research Chair program. Thanks to current and previous members of the Hacke lab who contributed data to this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hacke, U.G. (2015). The Hydraulic Architecture of Populus . In: Hacke, U. (eds) Functional and Ecological Xylem Anatomy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15783-2_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15783-2_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15782-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15783-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)