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Novel Natural Products: Therapeutic Effects in Pain, Arthritis and Gastro-intestinal Diseases pp 1–33Cite as

Gastrointestinal Tract Commensal Bacteria and Probiotics: Influence on End-Organ Physiology

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Part of the book series: Progress in Drug Research ((PDR,volume 70))

Abstract

Bacteria represent the earliest form of independent life on this planet. Bacterial development has included cooperative symbiosis with plants (e.g., Leguminosae family and nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil) and animals (e.g., the gut microbiome). It is generally agreed upon that the fusion of two prokaryotes evolutionarily gave rise to the eukaryotic cell in which mitochondria may be envisaged as a genetically functional mosaic, a relic from one of the prokaryotes. This is expressed by the appearance of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells (an alpha-proteobacteria input), a significant endosymbiotic evolutionary event. As such, the evolution of human life has been complexly connected to bacterial activities. Hence, microbial colonization of mammals has been a progressively driven process. The interactions between the human host and the microbiome inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) for example, afford the human host the necessary cues for the development of regulated signals that in part are induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) . This regulated activity then promotes immunological tolerance and metabolic regulation and stability, which then helps establish control of local and extraintestinal end-organ (e.g., kidneys) physiology. Pharmacobiotics , the targeted administration of live probiotic cultures, is an advancing area of potential therapeutics, either directly or as adjuvants. Hence the continued scientific understanding of the human microbiome in health and disease may further lead to fine tuning the targeted delivery of probiotics for a therapeutic gain.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    A placebo is a substance containing no medication benefit and prescribed to reinforce a patient’s expectation of possibly attaining a beneficial effect.

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Acknowledgments/Conflict of Interest

Luis Vitetta has received National Institute of Complementary Medicine and National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia competitive funding and industry support for research into probiotics. The authors have no further conflicts of interest relevant to the content of this review.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Luis Vitetta, Talia Palacios & Samantha Coulson

  2. Medlab Clinical Ltd, 66 McCauley St. Alexandria, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Luis Vitetta, Sean Hall & Samantha Coulson

Authors
  1. Luis Vitetta
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  2. Talia Palacios
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  3. Sean Hall
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  4. Samantha Coulson
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Correspondence to Luis Vitetta .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sheffield Hallam University Biomedical Res. Centre, Sheffield, United Kingdom

    K. D. Rainsford

  2. M/P Biomedical Consultants, Mill Valley, California, USA

    M. C. Powanda

  3. School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia

    M. W. Whitehouse

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Vitetta, L., Palacios, T., Hall, S., Coulson, S. (2015). Gastrointestinal Tract Commensal Bacteria and Probiotics: Influence on End-Organ Physiology. In: Rainsford, K., Powanda, M., Whitehouse, M. (eds) Novel Natural Products: Therapeutic Effects in Pain, Arthritis and Gastro-intestinal Diseases. Progress in Drug Research, vol 70. Springer, Basel. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-0927-6_1

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