Abstract
Demand for plant protein as an alternative to animal protein has increased greatly. Soybean meal is an agro-industrial byproduct generated from the soybean oil processing industry and contains a high quantity of protein. Amino acid composition especially essential amino acids are rich in soybean protein. Non-essential amino acid like lysine which is limited in common cereals is present in high quantity in soybean meal. Soybean protein isolate possesses excellent functional properties such as solubility, emulsion capacity, foaming capacity, and water as well as oil binding capacity. Soybean meal contains some anti-nutritional compounds like trypsin inhibitors that can be successfully removed by various treatments such as hydrolysis, fermentation, and ultrasonication. These treatments not only decreased the anti-nutritional factors but also effectively increased the functional properties of soybean protein isolate. Based on the functional characteristics, soybean protein isolate can be used to prepare a variety of food products such as bakery products, meat products, beverages, confectionery products, and dairy products.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Agrawal RM, Miller MJ, Singh V, Stein HH, Takhar PS (2022) Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of soy flour to produce ethanol and soy protein concentrate with increased polyphenols. J Americ Oil Chem Soci 99(5):379–391
Akretche-Kelfat S, Ferhat Z, Amiali M (2017) Vegetable and nut oils extraction by d-limonene as alternative solvent. Int J Agri Res 12:82–87
Alok S, Patil RT, Sinha LK (2006) Comparative performance of modern and traditional methods of inactivation of antinutrients in soybean. J Food Sci Technol 43(6):586
Amponsah A, Nayak B (2016) Effects of microwave and ultrasound assisted extraction on the recovery of soy proteins for soy allergen detection. J Food Sci 81(11):T2876–T2885
Ashaolu TJ (2020) Applications of soy protein hydrolysates in the emerging functional foods: a review. Int J Food Sci Technol 55(2):421–428
Astawan M, Prayudani AP (2020) The overview of food technology to process soy protein isolate and its application toward food industry. World Nutr J 4(1–1):12–17
Banaszkiewicz T (2011) Nutritional value of soybean meal. Soyb Nutr 12:1–20
Benavides PT, Cai H, Wang M, Bajjalieh N (2020) Life-cycle analysis of soybean meal, distiller-dried grains with solubles, and synthetic amino acid-based animal feeds for swine and poultry production. Anim Feed Sci Technol 268:114607
Bessada SM, Barreira JC, Oliveira MBP (2019) Pulses and food security: dietary protein, digestibility, bioactive and functional properties. Tren Food Sci Technol 93:53–68
Butt MS, Rizwana B (2010) Nutritional and functional properties of some promising legumes protein isolates. Pak J Nutr 9(4):373–379
Carbonaro M, Grant G, Cappelloni M (2005) Heat-induced denaturation impairs digestibility of legume (Phaseolus vulgaris L and Vicia faba L) 7S and 11S globulins in the small intestine of rat. J Sci Food Agri 85:65–72
Chen L, Chen J, Ren J, Zhao M (2011) Effects of ultrasound pretreatment on the enzymatic hydrolysis of soy protein isolates and on the emulsifying properties of hydrolysates. J Agri Food Chem 59(6):2600–2609
Chi CH, Cho SJ (2016) Improvement of bioactivity of soybean meal by solid-state fermentation with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens versus Lactobacillus spp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. LWT 68:619–625
Chinma CE, Ariahu CC, Abu JO (2013) Chemical composition, functional and pasting properties of cassava starch and soy protein concentrate blends. J Food Sci Technol 50(6):1179–1185
Choi IL, Choi SJ, Chun JK, Moon TW (2006) Extraction yield of soluble protein and microstructure of soybean affected by microwave heating. J Food Proces Preserv 30(4):407–419
Collier PD, Cromie DDO, Davies AP (1991) Mechanism of formation of chloropropanols present in protein hydrolysates. J Amer Oil Chem Soci 68(10):785–790
da Silva Crozatti TT, Miyoshi JH, Tonin APP, Tomazini LF, Oliveira MAS, Maluf JU, Meurer EC, Matioli G (2022) Obtaining of bioactive di and tripeptides from enzymatic hydrolysis of soybean meal and its protein isolate using Alcalase® and Neutrase®. Int J Food Sci Technol 58(3):1586–1596
Dai C, Hou Y, Xu H, Huang L, Dabbour M, Mintah BK, He R, Ma H (2022) Effect of solid-state fermentation by three different Bacillus species on composition and protein structure of soybean meal. J Sci Food Agri 102(2):557–566
Das Purkayastha M, Gogoi J, Kalita D, Chattopadhyay P, Nakhuru KS, Goyary D, Mahanta CL (2014) Physicochemical and functional properties of rapeseed protein isolate: influence of antinutrient removal with acidified organic solvents from rapeseed meal. J Agri Food Chem 62(31):7903–7914
Das D, Panesar PS, Saini CS (2022a) pH shifting treatment of ultrasonically extracted soybean meal protein isolate: effect on functional, structural, morphological and thermal properties. Process Biochem 120:227–238
Das D, Panesar PS, Saini CS, Kennedy JF (2022b) Improvement in properties of edible film through non-thermal treatments and nanocomposite materials: a review. Food Pack Shelf Life 32:100843
Datar R, Huang J, Maness PC, Mohagheghi A, Czernik S, Chornet E (2007) Hydrogen production from the fermentation of corn stover biomass pretreated with a steam-explosion process. Int J Hydr Ener 32(8):932–939
de Jesus SS, Maciel Filho R (2020) Recent advances in lipid extraction using green solvents. Ren Sust Ener Rev 133:110289
De la Barca AC, Ruiz-Salazar RA, Jara-Marini ME (2000) Enzymatic hydrolysis and synthesis of soy protein to improve its amino acid composition and functional properties. J Food Sci 65(2):246–253
de Oliveira CF, Corrêa APF, Coletto D, Daroit DJ, Cladera-Olivera F, Brandelli A (2015) Soy protein hydrolysis with microbial protease to improve antioxidant and functional properties. J Food Sci Technol 52(5):2668–2678
de Oliveira SF, Miranda TG, Justo T, da Silva FB, Conte-Junior CA, Monteiro M, Perrone D (2018) Soybean meal and fermented soybean meal as functional ingredients for the production of low-carb, high-protein, high-fiber and high isoflavones biscuits. LWT 90:224–231
Feng S, Zhang S, Jiang M, Liu F, Chen K, Zhang Y (2023) Effects of glycation methods on the interfacial behavior and emulsifying performance of soy protein isolate-gum Arabic conjugates. Int J Biol Macromol 233:123554
Golbitz P (1995) Traditional soyfoods: processing and products. J Nutr 125(3):570S–572S
Guan H, Diao X, Jiang F, Han J, Kong B (2018) The enzymatic hydrolysis of soy protein isolate by Corolase PP under high hydrostatic pressure and its effect on bioactivity and characteristics of hydrolysates. Food Chem 245:89–96
Gundogan R, Karaca AC (2020) Physicochemical and functional properties of proteins isolated from local beans of Turkey. LWT 130:109609
Hernández-Ledesma B, Dávalos A, Bartolomé B, Amigo L (2005) Preparation of antioxidant enzymatic hydrolysates from α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin. Identification of active peptides by HPLC-MS/MS. J Agri Food Chem 53(3):588–593
Hernández-Ledesma B, del Mar CM, Recio I (2011) Antihypertensive peptides: production, bioavailability and incorporation into foods. Advan Colloid Inter Sci 165(1):23–35
Hoogenkamp H (2007) The soy industry’s love-hate relationship with meat. Meat Intl 17(2):8–11
Hu H, Fan X, Zhou Z, Xu X, Fan G, Wang L, Huang X, Pan S, Zhu L (2013) Acid-induced gelation behavior of soybean protein isolate with high intensity ultrasonic pre-treatments. Ultrason Sonochem 20(1):187–195
Hu H, Zhu X, Hu T, Cheung IW, Pan S, Li-Chan EC (2015) Effect of ultrasound pre-treatment on formation of transglutaminase-catalysed soy protein hydrogel as a riboflavin vehicle for functional foods. J Fun Foods 19:182–193
Huang L, Ding X, Dai C, Ma H (2017) Changes in the structure and dissociation of soybean protein isolate induced by ultrasound-assisted acid pretreatment. Food Chem 232:727–732
Huang L, Zhang W, Ding X, Wu Z, Li Y (2020) Effects of dual-frequency ultrasound with different energy irradiation modes on the structural and emulsifying properties of soy protein isolate. Food Biop Proces 123:419–426
Isaacson T, Damasceno C, Saravanan RS, He Y, Catalá C, Saladié M, Rose JK (2006) Sample extraction techniques for enhanced proteomic analysis of plant tissues. Nat Protocol 1(2):769–774
Jambrak AR, Lelas V, Mason TJ, Krešić G, Badanjak M (2009) Physical properties of ultrasound treated soy proteins. J Food Eng 93(4):386–393
Joshi M, Adhikari B, Aldred P, Panozzo JF, Kasapis S (2011) Physicochemical and functional properties of lentil protein isolates prepared by different drying methods. Food Chem 129(4):1513–1522
Jung S, Murphy PA, Johnson LA (2005) Physicochemical and functional properties of soy protein substrates modified by low levels of protease hydrolysis. J Food Sci 70(2):C180–C187
Karki B, Lamsal BP, Jung S, van Leeuwen JH, Pometto AL III, Grewell D, Khanal SK (2010) Enhancing protein and sugar release from defatted soy flakes using ultrasound technology. J Food Eng 96(2):270–278
Kaur R, Panesar PS, Singh RS (2018) Utilization of agro-industrial residues for the production of β-galactosidase using fungal isolate under solid state fermentation conditions. Acta Aliment 47(2):162–170
Kaur B, Panesar PS, Anal AK (2022) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of mango seed kernel butter and assessment of its physicochemical, thermal, and structural properties. J Food Proces Eng 46:e14174
Kentish S, Feng H (2014) Applications of power ultrasound in food processing. Annual Rev Food Sci Technol 5(1):263–284
Kumar V, Lee S, Cleveland BM, Romano N, Lalgudi RS, Benito MR, McGraw B, Hardy RW (2020) Comparative evaluation of processed soybean meal (EnzoMealTM) vs. regular soybean meal as a fishmeal replacement in diets of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): effects on growth performance and growth-related genes. Aquaculture 516:734652
Lafarga T, Álvarez C, Villaró S, Bobo G, Aguiló-Aguayo I (2020) Potential of pulse-derived proteins for developing novel vegan edible foams and emulsions. Int J Food Sci Technol 55(2):475–481
Lecomte NB, Zayas JF, Kastner CL (1993) Soya proteins functional and sensory characteristics improved in cornminuted bleats. J Food Sci 58(3):464–466
Lee KH, Ryu HS, Rhee KC (2003) Protein solubility characteristics of commercial soy protein products. J Amer Oil Chem Soci 80(1):85–90
Li K, Ma H, Li S, Zhang C, Dai C (2017) Effect of ultrasound on alkali extraction protein from rice dreg flour. J Food Proces Eng 40(2):e12377
Li J, Zhou RL, Ren ZQ, Fan YW, Hu SB, Zhuo CF, Deng ZY (2019) Improvement of protein quality and degradation of allergen in soybean meal fermented by Neurospora crassa. LWT 101:220–228
Li Q, Zheng J, Ge G, Zhao M, Sun W (2020) Impact of heating treatments on physical stability and lipid-protein co-oxidation in oil-in-water emulsion prepared with soy protein isolates. Food Hydrocol 100:105167
Liang G, Chen W, Qie X, Zeng M, Qin F, He Z, Chen J (2020) Modification of soy protein isolates using combined pre-heat treatment and controlled enzymatic hydrolysis for improving foaming properties. Food Hydrocol 105:105764
Liu LH, Hung TV, Bennett L (2008) Extraction and characterization of chickpea (Cicer arietinum) albumin and globulin. J Food Sci 73(5):C299–C305
Liu S, Low NH, Nickerson MT (2009) Effect of pH, salt, and biopolymer ratio on the formation of pea protein isolate gum arabic complexes. J Agri Food Chem 57(4):1521–1526
Liu M, Zhao G, Qi B, Zhan J (2016) Effects of ultrasonic treatment on removal of abundant proteins and enrichment of low-abundance proteins in defatted soybean meal by isopropanol. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip 30(3):521–528
Ma W, Qi B, Sami R, Jiang L, Li Y, Wang H (2018) Conformational and functional properties of soybean proteins produced by extrusion-hydrolysis approach. Int J Anal Chem 2018:9182508
Ma KK, Greis M, Lu J, Nolden AA, McClements DJ, Kinchla AJ (2022) Functional performance of plant proteins. Foods 11(4):594
Martínez KD, Sanchez CC, Ruíz-Henestrosa VP, Patino JMR, Pilosof AM (2007) Effect of limited hydrolysis of soy protein on the interactions with polysaccharides at the air–water interface. Food Hydrocol 21(5–6):813–822
Moure A, Domı́nguez H, Zúñiga ME, Soto C, Chamy R (2002) Characterisation of protein concentrates from pressed cakes of Guevina avellana (Chilean hazelnut). Food Chem 78(2):179–186
Natarajan S, Xu C, Caperna TJ, Garrett WM (2005) Comparison of protein solubilization methods suitable for proteomic analysis of soybean seed proteins. Anal Biochem 342(2):214–220
Panesar R, Panesar PS, Hasija D, Bera MB, Kumar H (2009) Fermentative potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain for biosurfactant production. Biol Forum-Inter J 1:109
Peñas E, Préstamo G, Baeza ML, Martínez-Molero MI, Gomez R (2006) Effects of combined high pressure and enzymatic treatments on the hydrolysis and immunoreactivity of dairy whey proteins. Int Dairy J 16(8):831–839
Peters JP, Vergeldt FJ, Boom RM, van der Goot AJ (2017) Water-binding capacity of protein-rich particles and their pellets. Food Hydrocol 65:144–156
Pi X, Sun Y, Liu J, Wang X, Hong W, Cheng J, Guo M (2023) Characterization of the improved functionality in soybean protein-proanthocyanidins conjugates prepared by the alkali treatment. Food Hydrocol 134:108107
Pope M, Borg B, Boyd RD, Holzgraefe D, Rush C, Sifri M (2023) Quantifying the value of soybean meal in poultry and swine diets. J Appl Poult Res 32:100337
Ren ZQ, Deng ZY, Song LW, Yang JY, Liu R, Fan YW (2016) Study on fermented by Neurospora crassa to improve structural style of soybean meal nutrition. Sci Technol Food Ind 37(12):222–225
Ruan S, Li Y, Wang Y, Huang S, Luo J, Ma H (2020) Analysis in protein profile, antioxidant activity and structure-activity relationship based on ultrasound-assisted liquid-state fermentation of soybean meal with Bacillus subtilis. Ultrason Sonochem 64:104846
Russin TA, Arcand Y, Boye JI (2007) Particle size effect on soy protein isolate extraction. J Food Proces Pres 31(3):308–319
Saini A, Panwar D, Panesar PS, Kothakota A (2023) Ultrasound-assisted extraction of high value compounds from agro-industrial byproducts. In: Valorization of agro-industrial byproducts. CRC Press, USA, pp 49–72
Sarwar G (1997) The protein digestibility–corrected amino acid score method overestimates quality of proteins containing antinutritional factors and of poorly digestible proteins supplemented with limiting amino acids in rats. J Nutr 127(5):758–764
Shao YY, Lin KH, Kao YJ (2016) Modification of foaming properties of commercial soy protein isolates and concentrates by heat treatments. J Food Quality 39(6):695–706
Singh P, Kumar R, Sabapathy SN, Bawa AS (2008) Functional and edible uses of soy protein products. Comp Rev Food Sci Food Saf 7(1):14–28
Singhal A, Stone AK, Vandenberg A, Tyler R, Nickerson MT (2016) Effect of genotype on the physicochemical and functional attributes of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) protein isolates. Food Sci Biotechnol 25(6):1513–1522
Stone AK, Karalash A, Tyler RT, Warkentin TD, Nickerson MT (2015) Functional attributes of pea protein isolates prepared using different extraction methods and cultivars. Food Res Int 76:31–38
Sukhikh S, Kalashnikova O, Ivanova S, Prosekov A, Krol O, Kriger O, Fedovskikh N, Babich O (2022) Evaluating the influence of microbial fermentation on the nutritional value of soybean meal. Fermentation 8(9):458
Sun XD (2011) Enzymatic hydrolysis of soy proteins and the hydrolysates utilisation. Int J Food Sci Technol 46(12):2447–2459
Suthama N, Wibawa PJ (2018) Amino acids digestibility of pelleted microparticle protein of fishmeal and soybean meal in broiler chickens. J Indon Trop Ani Agri 43(2):169–176
Swamylingappa B, Srinivas H (1994) Preparation and properties of protein isolate from hexane-acetic acid treated commercial soybean meal. J Agri Food Chem 42(12):2907–2911
Tadesse SA, Beri GB, Abera S (2019) Chemical and sensory quality of sorghum-based extruded product supplemented with defatted soy meal flour. Cog Food Agri 5(1):1653617
Tang S, Hettiarachchy NS, Shellhammer TH (2002) Protein extraction from heat-stabilized defatted rice bran. 1. Physical processing and enzyme treatments. J Agri Food Chem 50(25):7444–7448
Tang CH, Wang XY, Yang XQ, Li L (2009) Formation of soluble aggregates from insoluble commercial soy protein isolate by means of ultrasonic treatment and their gelling properties. J Food Eng 92(4):432–437
Tang X, Shen Y, Zhang Y, Schilling MW, Li Y (2021) Parallel comparison of functional and physicochemical properties of common pulse proteins. LWT 146:111594
Toda TA, Sawada MM, Rodrigues CE (2016) Kinetics of soybean oil extraction using ethanol as solvent: experimental data and modeling. Food Biop Proces 98:1–10
Tomás A, De La Gándara F, Garcia-Gomez A, Perez L, Jover M (2005) Utilization of soybean meal as an alternative protein source in the Mediterranean yellowtail, Seriola dumerili. Aqua Nutr 11(5):333–340
Wang H, Johnson LA, Wang T (2004) Preparation of soy protein concentrate and isolate from extruded-expelled soybean meals. J Amer Oil Chem Soci 81(7):713–717
Witte NH (1995) Soybean meal processing and utilization. In: Practical handbook of soybean processing and utilization. AOCS Press, pp 93–116
Xie SW, Liu YJ, Zeng S, Niu J, Tian LX (2016) Partial replacement of fish-meal by soy protein concentrate and soybean meal based protein blend for juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Aquaculture 464:296–302
Ye H, Xu M, Liu Q, Sun Z, Zou C, Chen L, Su N, Ye C (2019) Effects of replacing fish meal with soybean meal on growth performance, feed utilization and physiological status of juvenile obscure puffer, Takifugu obscurus. Comp Biochem Physiol Part C: Toxicol Pharmacol 216:75–81
Yuan D, Zhou F, Shen P, Zhang Y, Lin L, Zhao M (2021) Self-assembled soy protein nanoparticles by partial enzymatic hydrolysis for pH-driven encapsulation and delivery of hydrophobic cargo curcumin. Food Hydrocol 120:106759
Zhang YN, Zhao XH (2013) Study on the functional properties of soybean protein isolate cross-linked with gelatin by microbial transglutaminase. Int J Food Prop 16(6):1257–1270
Zhang Y, Yang R, Zhao W, Hua X, Zhang W (2013) Application of high density steam flash-explosion in protein extraction of soybean meal. J Food Eng 116(2):430–435
Zhang S, Zhang LL, Zhou KK, Liu YJ, Zhao Z (2015) Evaluation of three types of protein extraction methods for tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) phloem tissue proteome analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Anal Met 7(3):1008–1017
Zheng L, Li D, Li ZL, Kang LN, Jiang YY, Liu XY, Chi YP, Li YQ, Wang JH (2017) Effects of bacillus fermentation on the protein microstructure and anti-nutritional factors of soybean meal. Let Appli Microbiol 65(6):520–526
Zuluaga AM, Mena-García A, Monzón ACS, Rada-Mendoza M, Chito DM, Ruiz-Matute AI, Sanz ML (2020) Microwave assisted extraction of inositols for the valorization of legume by-products. LWT 133:109971
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Das, D., Panesar, G., Panesar, P.S., Kumar, M. (2024). Soybean Meal: The Reservoir of High-Quality Protein. In: Kumar, M., Punia Bangar, S., Panesar, P.S. (eds) Oilseed Meal as a Sustainable Contributor to Plant-Based Protein. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47880-2_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47880-2_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-47879-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-47880-2
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)