Abstract
Introduction: Various minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS) techniques have been developed with the goal of reducing approach-related soft-tissue trauma and its associated complications. However, there is still a debate on some of the potential drawbacks of MISS techniques, such as their longer operating times and increased intraoperative radiation. A solution to these disadvantages could be the implementation of new technologies, such as computer-assisted navigation (CAN) and surgical robotics. We compare the standard fluoroscopy MISS technique with our experience with time per screw and X-ray exposure for pedicle screw placement using the Brainlab Cirq passive robotic arm assistance coupled with the Brainlab Curve navigation system.
Methods: In the Cirq robot-assisted group (Group I), 109 screws were placed in 24 prospectively analyzed patients. In the fluoroscopy-guided group, 108 screws inserted into 20 consecutive patients were analyzed retrospectively (Group II). The duration of surgery, the time to place one screw, the X-ray exposition, and the pedicle screw accuracy for each patient were recorded and reviewed.
Results: In total, 217 screws were analyzed. The treated levels ranged from T10 to S1. In Group I, 104 screws were grade A (95.4%) and five were grade B (4.6%). In Group II, 96 screws were grade A (88.89%); ten were grade B (9.26%); one was grade C (0.93%), and one was grade D (0.93%). While the screws placed by using the Cirq system were more accurate overall, there was no statistical significance when the two groups were compared, p = 0.3724. There was no significant difference in radiation exposure between the two groups, p = 0.5482; however the radiation exposure for the surgeon was very limited with the Cirq system. There was a significant reduction in the operation length (p = 0.0183) and the time per screw (p < 0.0001) for Group I.
Conclusions: The CAN systems and emerging robotic platforms have the potential to diminish the main disadvantages of MISS techniques—longer operation times and X-ray exposure, at least for the surgical team.
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Acknowledgments
Part of this study was made in close collaboration with the Technical University of Sofia in the framework of the Operational Program “Science and Education for Smart Growth 2014–2020” and “Construction and Development of Centers of Excellence”—2018: National Center for Mechatronics and Clean Technologies—BG05M2OP001-1.001-0008-С01.
Special thanks go to Dr. Ilina Iordanova for her valuable input in this study.
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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were carried out in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the local institutional ethics committee of University Hospital “Pirogov.”
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Gabrovsky, N., Ilkov, P., Laleva, M. (2023). Cirq Robotic Assistance for Thoracolumbar Pedicle Screw Placement: Overcoming the Disadvantages of Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery. In: Visocchi, M. (eds) The Funnel: From the Skull Base to the Sacrum. Acta Neurochirurgica Supplement, vol 135. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-36084-8_59
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