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The Institute of Physics in the Post-war Period. Part 2: Some Highlights on Research in the Post-war Period

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The Milan Institute of Physics

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Abstract

Soon after the end of WWII, the cosmic ray physics group started again their researches with cloud chambers and counters on some locations on the Alps. Their researches culminated with the construction of the huge multi-plate cloud chamber, built by Fiorini, Giacconi and Succi, and used on the Alps. Among the results obtained by them was the observational proof of the non-existence of the varytrons erroneously discovered by Alikhanian. Another group working on cosmic ray physics started with Occhialini’s arrival to Milan. He created an international group, working in strict collaboration with other other groups in Italy and abroad, with nuclear emulsions exposed to cosmic radiation on balloons. The Milan group was an important member of the G-stack collaboration, with the exposition of a giant stack of emulsions to cosmic rays for the study of mesons, strange particles and hyperons, and of the K\(^-\)-collaboration with the exposition of a stack to artificially produced particles at the Bevatron for the study of strange particles. Nuclear physics research was carried on in particular in collaboration with the CISE and the INFN. An important field of research was the theoretical study of nuclear reactors. Carlo Salvetti and Sergio Gallone developed solutions of the equations for the transient regime and the working conditions of nuclear reactors. The experimental study was based on electrostatic machines built at the CISE and INFN. Theoretical physics researches covered a wide range of topics, from the phenomenology of cosmic rays to the ergodic conditions in quantum theory. An interesting research group was that of solid state physics, one of the first in Italy, founded by Fumi.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Reminiscences on these researches can be found in: [1,2,3]. On the researches with cloud chambers by physicists of the Milan Institute of Physics see [4,5,6].

  2. 2.

    On the history of the Testa Grigia laboratory, see [17]. The Testa Grigia laboratory was planned by Gilberto Bernardini, with the help of Ettore Pancini and Marcello Conversi, on the Italian-Swiss border close to the Teudolo Pass. It was used by physicists from Bologna, Milan, Rome and Turin universities.

  3. 3.

    Dopolavoro, lit. “after work”, were the recreational activities a company organized and paid for its employees.

  4. 4.

    Centro APICE, Historical Archive Milan University: serie 7, busta 77, Scienze: “Relazione sull’attività dell’Istituto di Fisica dell’Università di Milano dalla sua fondazione ad oggi e sulla sua situazione attuale”, February 2, 1949: pp. 15–21.

  5. 5.

    Milan University, BICF Library, Polvani Papers, 10, 1, 2.6: Letter from Carlo Succi to Guido Tagliaferri, June 1, 1955.

  6. 6.

    Milan University, BICF Library, Polvani Papers, 10, 1: 2.6: Letter from Carlo Succi to Guido Tagliaferri. October 17, 1956.

  7. 7.

    Milan University, BICF Library, Polvani Papers, 10, 1, 2:6: Letter from Carlo Succi to Guido Tagliaferri, August 12, 1956.

  8. 8.

    On the role played by Occhialini in the development of the nuclear emulsion technique, see: [57].

  9. 9.

    On the collaborations among nuclear emulsion groups in Europe during the 1950s see: [60].

  10. 10.

    On balloon flights for cosmic ray research in the Mediterranean see: [61, 62].

  11. 11.

    Stripped emulsions were already known, but they had not been used for scientific research because it had been impossible to identify with a sufficient precision their relative position after their processing. The solution they found to face this problem was to mount the stripped emulsions on glass before their processing. The precision requested by scientific research for this new technique was eventually reached by Waller of Ilford so that they could be used for the 1952 flights [58].

  12. 12.

    Powell Papers. Bristol University Special Collections DM 1947/E.303: Letter from Cecil Powell to Giuseppe Occhialini, October 8, 1951.

  13. 13.

    The Milan physicists contributed with five talks, four of the nuclear emulsion group and one of the cloud chamber group: [65,66,67,68,69].

  14. 14.

    The aim of these researches was the production of \(^{239}\)Pu from \(^{238}\)U.

  15. 15.

    Zoé - Zéro de puissance Oxyde d’uranium Eau lourde (Zero power, Uranium oxidum, Heavy water) was planned by Frédéric Joliot-Curie and built in Paris in 1947. It was the first French nuclear reactor.

  16. 16.

    NRX - National Research Experimental. It was built in 1947.

  17. 17.

    Rainwater’s model was a mixed model, intermediate between the drop model and the shell model.

  18. 18.

    On the reception of this paper see: [182, 183].

  19. 19.

    The Pavia Cockcroft-Walton is currently on exhibition at the Museum of Electrical Technique in Pavia.

  20. 20.

    A first determination of the cross section of uranium for slow neutrons had been obtained at the CISE in 1950 [186, 187], but it did not cover the whole range of energy.

  21. 21.

    On the Italian researches on matter in the solid state before the Second World War, see: [193]; after the Second World War, see: [194].

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    Leonardo Gariboldi

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Gariboldi, L. (2022). The Institute of Physics in the Post-war Period. Part 2: Some Highlights on Research in the Post-war Period. In: The Milan Institute of Physics. History of Physics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99516-4_7

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