Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Postcolonial Transitions and Recent Political History

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
East Africa’s Human Environment Interactions

  • 247 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter charts the postcolonial transitions and recent political history while outlining the different development histories that have taken place in the region: from African socialism (Tanzania) to capitalism (Kenya). The charismatic leaders that took East Africa out of the colonial era (Jomo Kenyatta, Julius Nyere, and Idi Amin) with such hope, expectation, and the ensuing missed opportunity will be presented along with their defining policies. The chapter explores the past 50 years by focusing on events such as the mass eviction of Asian communities during the 1970s in Uganda and more contemporary issues such as the post-election violence of Kenya in 2009, the ensuing new constitution in Kenya, and the increasing rise of power at the local level for local issues. In addition, the chapter will consider the socio-economic changes within East Africa such as the emergence of large cities, and the implications of transitioning from a large rural population to a growing urban population. Alongside these demographic transitions the changing international relationships; growth of devolved conservation initiatives and current development trajectories will be presented.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Ahrends, A., Bulling, M. T., Platts, P. J., Swetnam, R., Ryan, C., Doggart, N., Hollingsworth, P. M., Marchant, R., Balmford, A., Harris, D. J., & Gross‐Camp, N. (2021). Detecting and Predicting Forest Degradation: A Comparison of Ground Surveys and Remote Sensing in Tanzanian Forests. Plants, People, Planet, 3, 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppp3.10189

  • Ambani, M. M. (2017). GIS Assessment of Environmental Footprints of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) on Nairobi National Park, Kenya. Msc., University of Nairobi. http://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/bitstream/han-dle/11295/101271/MildredAmbani_Final

  • Ananda, J., & Herath, G. (2003). Soil Erosion in Developing Countries: A Socio-Economic Appraisal. Journal of Environmental Management, 68, 343–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4797(03)00082-3

  • Anderson, D. (1984). Depression, Dust Bowl, Demography, and Drought: The Colonial State and Soil Conservation in East Africa During the 1930s. African Affairs [online], 83, 321–343. https://www.jstor.org/stable/722351. Accessed 11 June 2018.

  • Anderson, D. (2005). Histories of the Hanged (p. 252). W. W. Norton and Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, D., & Anderson, D. M. (2005). Histories of the hanged: The dirty war in Kenya and the end of empire. WW Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, B. P., Scott, P., & Antypas, A. (2010). Sitting on the Fence? Policies and Practices in Managing Human-Wildlife Conflict in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Conservation and Society, 8, 225–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barron, J., Rockström, J., Gichuki, F., & Hatibu, N. (2003). Dry Spell Analysis and Maize Yields for Two Semi-Arid Locations in East Africa. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology [online], 117, 23–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00037-6

  • Barrow, E., Gichohi, H., & Infield, M. (2001). The Evolution of Community Conservation Policy and Practice in East Africa. In D. Hulme & M. Murphree (Eds.), African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation. James Currey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bavinck, M., Berkes, F., Charles, A., Dias, A. C. E., Doubleday, N., Nayak, P., & Sowman, M. (2017). The Impact of Coastal Grabbing on Community Conservation—A Global Reconnaissance. Maritime Studies, 16(1), 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beale, C. M., Hauenstein, S., Mduma, S., Frederick, H., Jones, T., Bracebridge, C., Maliti, H., Kija, H., & Kohi, E. M. (2018). Spatial Analysis of Aerial Survey Data Reveals Correlates of Elephant Carcasses Within a Heavily Poached Ecosystem. Biological Conservation, 218, 258–267.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, E. L. (2015). Legal Ivory Trade in a Corrupt World and Its Impact on African Elephant Populations. Conservation Biology, 29(1), 54–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, H. (2013). Fighting the Mau Mau: The British Army and Counter-Insurgency in the Kenya Emergency. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (2000). Rediscovery of Traditional Ecological Knowledge as Adaptive Management. Ecological Applications [online], 10, 1251–1262. https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2000)010(1251:ROTEKA)2.0.CO;2

  • Beymer-Farris, B. A., & Bassett, T. J. (2012). The REDD menace: Resurgent protectionism in Tanzania’s mangrove forests. Global Environmental Change, 22(2), 332–341.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaikie, P. (2016). The Political Economy of Soil Erosion in Developing Countries. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaikie, P., & Brookfield, H. (2015). Land Degradation and Society. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blench, R. (2000). Extensive Pastoral Livestock Systems: Issues and Options for the Future. FAO-Japan Cooperative Project “Collection of Information on Animal Production and Health”. www.fao-kyokai.or.jp/edocuments/document2.pdf

  • Blomley, T., & Iddi, S. (2009). Participatory Forest Management in Tanzania: Lessons Learned and Experiences to Date, URT. Ministry of Resource and Tourism, Forest and Beekeeping Division.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blomley, T., Pfliegner, K., Isango, J., Zahabu, E., Ahrends, A., & Burgess, N. (2008). Seeing the Wood for the Trees: An Assessment of the Impact of Participatory Forest Management on Forest Condition in Tanzania. Oryxen, 42(3), 380–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bluwstein, J., Lund, J. F., Askew, K., Stein, H., Noe, C., Odgaard, R., Maganga, F., & Engström, L. (2018). Between Dependence and Deprivation: The Interlocking Nature of Land Alienation in Tanzania. Journal of Agrarian Change [online], 18, 806–830. https://doi.org/10.1111/joac.12271

  • Boyle, J. (2012). Tanzania’s Invisible Web Revolution. BBC World News, October 2. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-19451044

  • Brockington, D. (1999). Conservation, Displacement and Livelihoods: The Consequences of the Eviction for Pastoralists Moved from the Mkomazi Game Reserve, Tanzania. Nomadic Peoples, 3, 74–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryceson, D. F. (2002). The Scramble in Africa: Reorienting Rural Livelihoods. World Development [online], 30, 725–739. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(02)00006-2

  • Buechner, H. K., & Dawkins, H. C. (1961). Vegetation Change Induced by Elephants and Fire in Murchison Falls National Park, Uganda. Ecology, 42, 752–766.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, N. D., Mwakalila, S., Munishi, P., Pfeifer, M., Willcock, S., Shirima, D., ... Marchant, R. (2013). REDD herrings or REDD menace: Response to Beymer-Farris and Bassett. Global Environmental Change, 23(5), 1349–1354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caughley, G. (1976). The Elephant Problem: An Alternative Hypothesis. East African Wildlife Journal, 14, 265–283.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caughley, G., Dublin, H., & Parker, I. (1990). Projected Decline of the African Elephant. Biological Conservation, 54(2), 157–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanagh, C., & Benjaminsen, T. A. (2014). Virtual Nature, Violent Accumulation: The ‘Spectacular Failure’ of Carbon Offsetting at a Ugandan National Park. Geoforum, 56, 55–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavanagh, C. J., Vedeld, P. O., & Trædal, L. T. (2015). Securitizing REDD+? Problematizing the Emerging Illegal Timber Trade and Forest Carbon Interface in East Africa. Geoforum, 60, 72–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerling, T. E., Barnette, J. E., Chesson, L. A., Douglas-Hamilton, I., Gobush, K. S., Uno, K. T., Wasser, S. K., & Xu, X. (2016). Radiocarbon Dating of Seized Ivory Confirms Rapid Decline in African Elephant Populations and Provides Insight into Illegal Trade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(47), 13330–13335.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chabal, P. (2013). Africa: The Politics of Suffering and Smiling. Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, X. (2018). Why Fears of China’s Neocolonialism in Africa Ring False in the Face of Numbers That Tell a Different Tale. South China Morning Post, September 25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chung, C. P. (2019). China’s Maritime Silk Road Initiative: Strategic and Economic Implications for East Africa. China and the World, 2(02), 1950011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Conte, C. A. (1999). The Forest Becomes Desert: Forest Use and Environmental Change in Tanzania’s West Usambara Mountains. Land Degradation and Development [online], 10, 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199907/08)10:4<291::AID-LDR363>3.0.CO;2-W

  • Conway, G. R., & Waage, J. (2010). Science and Innovation for Development. UK Collaborative on Development Sciences (UKCDS).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dawson, W., Mnolwa, A. S., Burslem, D. F. R. P., & Hulme, P. E. (2008). Assessing the Risks of Plant Invasions Arising from Collections in Tropical Botanical Gardens. Biodiversity and Conservation, 17(8), 1979–1995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas-Hamilton, I. (1987). African Elephants: Population Trends and Their Causes. Oryx, 21(1), 11–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dregne, H. E. (2002). Land Degradation in the Drylands. Arid Land Research and Management, 16, 99–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elkins, C. (2005). Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain’s Gulag in Kenya. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-805-07653-0.

    Google Scholar 

  • Enfors, E., & Gordon, L. (2007). Analysing Resilience in Dryland Agro-Acosystems: A Case Study of the Makanya Catchment in Tanzania Over the Past 50 Years. Land Degradation and Development [online], 18, 680–696. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.807

  • Enghoff, M. (1990). Wildlife Conservation, Ecological Strategies and Pastoral Communities: A Contribution to the Understanding of Parks and People in East Africa. Nomad Peoples, 25–27, 93–107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, S., Ouko, E., & Marieka, N. (1996). Land Tenure and Wildlife Management. In C. Juma & J. B. Ojwang (Eds.), In Land We Trust: Environment, Private Property and Constitutional Change (Environmental Policy Series, No. 7). Nairobi: Initiatives Publishers and London: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fleitmann, D., Dunbar, R. B., McCulloch, M., Mudelsee, M., Vuille, M., McClanahan, T. R., Cole, J. E., & Eggins, S. (2007). East African Soil Erosion Recorded in a 300 Year Old Coral Colony from Kenya. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L04401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fynn, R. W. S., Augustine, D. J., Peel, M. J. S., & de Garine-Wichatitsky, M. (2016). REVIEW: Strategic Management of Livestock to Improve Biodiversity Conservation in African Savannahs: A Conceptual Basis for Wildlife-Livestock coexistence. Journal of Applied Ecology [online]. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365e2664.12591

  • Galaty, J. (2016). Reasserting the Commons: Pastoral Contestations of Private and State Lands in East Africa. International Journal of the Commons, 10(2), 709–727.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghazoul, J., Burivalova, Z., Garcia-Ulloa, J., & King, L. A. (2015). Conceptualizing Forest Degradation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 30(10), 622–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, C. (1999). Politicians and Poachers: The Political Economy of Wildlife Policy in Africa. Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, E. (2002). Coastal East Africa and the Western Indian Ocean: Long-Distance Trade, Empire, Migration, and Regional Unity, 1750–1970. The History Teacher, 36(1), 7–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Girabi, F., & Mwakaje, A. E. G. (2013). Impact of Microfinance on Small-Holder Farm Productivity in Tanzania: The Case of Iramba District. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 3(2), 227–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, I. (2003). Harnessing Butterfly Biodiversity for Improving Livelihoods and Forest Conservation: The Kipepeo Project. The Journal of Environment and Development, 12, 182–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, I., & Ayiemba, W. (2003). Harnessing Butterfly Biodiversity for Improving Livelihoods and Forest Conservation: The Kipepeo Project. The Journal of Environment and Development, 12, 82–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grainger, M., & Geary, K. (2011). The New Forests Company and Its Uganda Plantations. Oxfam International.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grunblatt, J., Said, M. Y., & Wargute, P. (1996). National Range Report: Summary of Population Trends and Estimates of Wildlife and Livestock. Ministry of Planning and National Development. DRSRS, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habel, J. C., Casanova, I. C. C., Zamora, C., Teucher, M., Hornetz, B., Shauri, H., Mulwa, R. K., & Lens, L. (2017). East African Coastal Forest Under Pressure. Biodiversity and Conservation, 26(11), 2751–2758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, J. S., Harris, D. J., Medjibe, V., & Ashton, P. M. S. (2003). The Effects of Selective Logging on Forest Structure and Tree Species Composition in a Central African Forest: Implications for Management of Conservation Areas. Forest Ecology and Management, 183(1–3), 249–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt, A. H., Parks, S. A., & Woodroffe, R. (2001). Human Density as an Influence on Species/Area Relationships: Double Jeopardy for Small African Reserves? Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 1011–1026.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heckmann, M., Muiruri, V., Boom, A., & Marchant, R. (2014). Human-Environment Interactions in an Agricultural Landscape: A 1400-yr Sediment and Pollen Record from North Pare, NE Tanzania. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 406, 49–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hedberg, I., & Hedberg, O. (1968). Conservation of Vegetation in Africa South of the Sahara. Acta Phytogeographica Suecica, 54, 98–195.

    Google Scholar 

  • Himmelfarb, D. (2012). In the Aftermath of Displacement: A Political Ecology of Dispossession, Transformation, and Conflict on Mt. Elgon, Uganda. PhD Dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.

    Google Scholar 

  • Homewood, K. (1995). Development, Demarcation and Ecological Outcomes in Maasailand. Africa [online], 65, 331–350. https://doi.org/10.2307/1161050

  • Homewood, K., Coast, E., & Thompson, M. (2004). In-Migrants and Exclusion in East African Rangelands: Access, Tenure and Conflict. Africa [online], 74, 567–610. https://doi.org/10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.567

  • Horowitz, M. M., & Little, P. D. (1987). In Drought and Famine in Africa: Denying Drought a Future (pp. 59–82). Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Horrill, C., Kamukuru, A. T., Mgaya, Y. D., & Risk, M. (2000). Northern Tanzania, Zanzibar and Pemba. In T. R. McClanahan, C. R. C. Sheppard, & D. O. Obura (Eds.), Coral Reefs of the Indian Ocean: Their Ecology and Conservation (pp. 167–198). Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huggins, C. (2000). Local Strategies for Coping with Drought in Kenya: Constraints and Opportunities. Summary of a presentation by Dr David Western. ACTS Policy Insights, 2(1), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huizer, G. (1973). Theujamaa Village Program in Tanzania: New Forms of Rural Development. Studies in Comparative International Development, 8(2), 192. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02810000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hydén, G. (1980). Beyond Ujamaa in Tanzania: Underdevelopment and an Uncaptured Peasantry. University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. (2001). The Evolution of a Community-Based Approach to Wildlife Management at Kunene, Namibia. In D. Hulme & M. Murphee (Eds.), African Wildlife and Livelihoods: The Promise and Performance of Community Conservation. James Currey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaaya, E., & Chapman, M. (2017). Micro-Credit and Community Wildlife Management: Complementary Strategies to Improve Conservation Outcomes in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Environmental Management, 60(3), 464–475.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kacungira, N. (2017). Will Kenya Get Value for Money from Its New Railway? BBC Africa, June 8. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40171095

  • Kariuki, R. W., Western, D., Willcock, S., & Marchant, R. (2021). Assessing interactions between agriculture, livestock grazing and wildlife conservation land uses: A historical example from East Africa. Land, 10(1), 46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kazungu, K. (2018). Kenyans to Wait Longer for First Berth at Lamu Port. Daily Nation (Nairobi), October 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keatley, P. (2003). Idi Amin. The Guardian.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenya Forests Working Group (KFWG). (2004). Changes in Forest Cover in Kenya’s Five ‘‘Water Towers’’ 2000–2003. KFWG, Nairobi.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan, Z. R., Midega, C. A., Pittachar, J. O., Murage, A. L. I. C. E., & Pickett, J. O. H. N. (2017). Climate-Smart Push-Pull: A Conservation Agriculture Technology for Food Security and Environmental Sustainability in Africa. In Conservation Agriculture for Africa: Building Resilient Farming Systems in a Changing Climate (pp. 151–166). BABI, Wallingford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kideghesho, J. (2016). Reversing the Trend of Wildlife Crime in Tanzania: Challenges and Opportunities. Biodiversity and Conservation, 25, 427–449.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiffner, C., Rheault, H., Miller, E., Scheetz, T., Enriquez, V., Swafford, R., Kioko, J., & Prins, H. H. (2017). Long‐Term Population Dynamics in a Multi‐Species Assemblage of Large Herbivores in East Africa. Ecosphere, 8(12), e02027.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kristjanson, P., Reid, R. S., Dickson, N., Clark, W. C., Romney, D., Puskur, R., Macmillan, S., & Grace, D. (2009). Linking International Agricultural Research Knowledge with Action for Sustainable Development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106(13), 5047–5052.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane, C. R., & Pretty, J. N. (1990). Displaced Pastoralists and Transferred Wheat Technology in Tanzania (Vol. 20). International Institute for Environment and Development.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laws, R. M. (1970). Elephants as Agents of Habitat and Landscape Change in East Africa. Oikos, 21, 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, P. A., Balme, G., Becker, M., Begg, C., Bento, C., Bocchino, C., Dickman, A., Diggle, R. W., Eves, H., Henschel, P., Lewis, D. (2013). The Bushmeat Trade in African Savannas: Impacts, Drivers, and Possible Solutions. Biological Conservation, 160(4), 80–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren, B. (1978). Soil Conditions and Nutrient Cycling Under Natural and Plantation Forests in Tanzanian Highlands. Swedish University of Agricultural Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundgren, L., & Lundgren, B. (1979). Rainfall, Interception and Evaporation in the Mazumbai Forest Reserve, West Usambara Mts., Tanzania and Their Importance in the Assessment of Land Potential. Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography [online], 61, 157–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/04353676.1979.11879988

  • Luxmoore, R., Caldwell, J., & Hithersay, L. (1989). The Volume of Raw Ivory Entering International Trade from African Producing Countries from 1979 to 1988. In The Ivory Trade and the Future of the African Elephant.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyons, K., & Westoby, P. (2014). Carbon Colonialism and the New Land Grab: Plantation Forestry in Uganda and its Livelihood Impacts. Journal of Rural Studies, 36, 13–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maathai, W. (2006). Unbowed: A Memoir (p. 63). Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0307263487.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahone, S. (2006). The Psychology of Rebellion: Colonial Medical Responses to Dissent in British East Africa. The Journal of African History, 47(2), 241–258. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0021853706001769

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manoa, D. O., & Mwaura, F. (2016). Predator-Proof Bomas as a Tool in Mitigating Human-Predator Conflict in Loitokitok Sub-County, Amboseli Region of Kenya. Natural Resources, 7(01), 28–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marchant, R., Richer, S., Boles, O., Capitani, C., Courtney-Mustaphi, C. J., Lane, P., Prendergast, M. E., Stump, D., de Cort, G., Kaplan, J. O., Phelps, L., Kay, A., Olago, D., Petek, N., Platts, P., Punwong, P., Widgren, M., Wynne-Jones, S., Ferro-Vázquez, C., … Wright, D. (2018). Drivers and Trajectories of Land Cover Change in East Africa: Human and Environmental Interactions from 6000 Years Ago to Present. Earth-Science Reviews, 178, 322–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matiku, P., Caleb, M., & Callistus, O. (2013). The Impact of Participatory Forest Management on Local Community Livelihoods in the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya. Conservation and Society, 11, 112–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maundu, P., Kibet, S., Morimoto, Y., Imbumi, M., & Adekar, R. (2009). Impact of Prosopis juliflora on Kenya’s Semi-Arid and Arid Ecosystems and Local Livelihoods. Biodiversity, 10(23), 33–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCabe, J. T. (2003). Disequilibrial Ecosystems and Livelihood Diversification Among the Maasai of Northern Tanzania: Implications for Conservation Policy in Eastern Africa. Nomadic Peoples, 7, 74–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClanahan, T. R. (1999). Is There a Future for Coral Reef Parks in Poor Tropical Countries? Coral Reefs, 18, 321–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClanahan, T. R., Marnane, M. J., Cinner, J. E., & Kiene, W. E. (2006). A Comparison of Marine Protected Areas and Alternative Approaches to Coral-Reef Management. Current Biology, 16(14), 1408–1413.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mgaya, E. (2016). Forest and Forestry in Tanzania: Changes and Continuities in Policies and Practices from Colonial Times to the Present. Journal of the Geographical Association of Tanzania, 36(2), 45–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Midega, C. A. O., Bruce, T. J., Pickett, J. A., & Khan, Z. R. (2015). Ecological Management of Cereal Stemborers in African Smallholder Agriculture through Behavioural Manipulation. Ecological Entomology, 40 (Suppl. S.1), 70–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Milledge, S. (2009). Forestry Governance and Trade Transformations: Experiences from Tanzania and Implications for Sustainable Development. In Governing Africa’s Forests in a Globalized World (pp. 303–319). Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier, R. A., Turner, W. R., Larsen, F. W., Brooks, T. M., & Gascon, C. (2011). Global Biodiversity Conservation: The Critical Role of Hotspots. In Biodiversity Hotspots (pp. 3–22). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, R. P. C. (2005). Soil Erosion and Conservation (Vol. 3). Blackwell Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Msoffe, F. U., Said, M. Y., Ogutu, J. O., Kifugo, S. C., De, J., Van Gardingen, P., & Reid, R. S. (2011). Spatial Correlates of Land-Use Changes in the Maasai-Steppe of Tanzania: Implications for Conservation and Environmental Planning. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation, 3, 280–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mueller-Dombois, D. (1971). Planned Utilization of the Lowland Tropical Forests. Nature and Resources, 7, 18–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutebi, J. (1994). Assessing the patterns of use of forest resources by local communities: Field experience in and around Bwindi (Impenetrable) National Park in Southwestern Uganda. Proceedings on non-timber forest products.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mwangi, E., & Swallow, B. (2008). Prosopis juliflora Invasion and Rural Livelihoods in the Lake Baringo Area of Kenya. Conservation and Society, 6, 130–140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naughton-Treves, L., Kammen, D. M., & Chapman, C. (2007). Burning Biodiversity: Woody Biomass Use by Commercial and Subsistence Groups in Western Uganda’s Forests. Biological Conservation, 134(2), 232–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndangalasi, H. J., Bitariho, R., & Dovie, D. B. (2007). Harvesting of Non-Timber Forest Products and Implications for Conservation in Two Montane Forests of East Africa. Biological Conservation, 134(2), 242–250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nel, A., & Hill, D. (2013). Constructing Walls of Carbon—The Complexities of Community, Carbon Sequestration and Protected Areas in Uganda. Journal of Contemporary African Studies, 31(3), 421–440.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumann, K. (2005). The Romance of Farming: Plant Cultivation and Domestication in Africa. In A. B. Stahl (Ed.), African Archaeology: A Critical Introduction. Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newmark, W. D. (1991). Tropical Forest Fragmentation and the Local Extinction of Understory Birds in the Eastern Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Conservation Biology, 5(1), 67–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Newmark, W. D., & McNeally, P. B. (2018). Impact of Habitat Fragmentation on the Spatial Structure of the Eastern Arc Forests in East Africa: Implications for Biodiversity Conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, 27(6), 1387–1402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyumba, T. O., Emenye, O. E., & Leader-Williams, N. (2020). Assessing Impacts of Human-Elephant Conflict on Human Wellbeing: An Empirical Analysis of Communities Living with Elephants Around Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. PloS one, 15(9), e0239545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oiere, S. (2014). Kenya: EU Signs $39 Million Agreement for Water Tower Conservation. Water [online], 21. http://www.iwapublishing.com/template.cfm?name=news2281. Accessed 9 Nov 2014.

  • Okello, M. M., Kenana, L., Maliti, H., Kiringe, J. W., Kanga, E., Warinwa, F., Bakari, S., Gichohi, N., Ndambuki, S., Kija, H., & Sitati, N. (2015). Population Status and Trend of Water Dependent Grazers (Buffalo and Waterbuck) in the Kenya-Tanzania Borderland. Natural Resources, 6(2), 91–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ostrom, E. (2000). Collective Action and the Evolution of Social Norms. Journal of Economic Perspectives [online], 14, 137–158. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.3.137

  • Otianga-Owiti, G. E., Okori, J. J. L., Nyamasyo, S., & Amwata, D. A. (2021). Governance and challenges of wildlife conservation and management in kenya. wildlife biodiversity conservation (pp. 67–99).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ottichilo, W. K., de Leeuw, J., Skidmore, A. K., Prins, H. H. T., & Said, M. Y. (2000). Population Trends of Large Non-Migratory Wild Herbivores and Livestock in the Masai Mara Ecosystem, Kenya, Between 1977 and 1997. African Journal of Ecology, 38, 202–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, I. S. C. (1989). The Raw Ivory Trade 1979–1989 (Report to CITES). Lausanne.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, I. S., & Graham, A. D. (1989). Elephant Decline: Downward Trends in African Elephant Distribution and Numbers (Part II). International Journal of Environmental Studies, 35(1–2), 13–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, M., Disney, M., Quaife, T., & Marchant, R. (2012). Terrestrial ecosystems from space: a review of earth observation products for macroecology applications. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 21(6), 603–624.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinckney, T. C., & Kimuyu, P. K. (1994). Land Tenure Reform in East Africa: Good, Bad or Unimportant. Journal of African Economies [online], 3(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jae.a036794

  • Platts, P. J., Burgess, N. D., Gereau, R. E., Lovett, J. C., Marshall, A. R., McClean, C. J., Pellikka, P. K. E., Swetnam, R. D., & Marchant, R. (2011). Delimiting Tropical Mountain Ecoregions for Conservation. Environmental Conservation, 38(3), 312–324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prins, H. H., & van der Jeugd, H. P. (1993). Herbivore Population Crashes and Woodland Structure in East Africa. Journal of Ecology, 81, 305–314.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pullan, R. A. (1988). Conservation and the Development of National Parks in the Humid Tropics of Africa. Journal of Biogeography, 15, 171–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, R. S., Nkedianye, D., Said, M. Y., Kaelo, D., Neselle, M., Makui, O., Onetu, L., Kiruswa, S., Kamuaro, N. O., Kristjanson, P., & Ogutu, J. (2016). Evolution of Models to Support Community and Policy Action with Science: Balancing Pastoral Livelihoods and Wildlife Conservation in Savannas of East Africa. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(17), 4579–4584.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero, C., Dovie, D. B., Gambiza, J., Luoga, E., Schmitt, S., & Grundy, I. (2014). Effects of Commercial Bark Harvesting on Adansonia Digitata (Baobab) in the Save-Odzi Valley, Zimbabwe, with Considerations for Its Management. Advances in Economic Botany, 17, 95–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, E. A. (1996). Traditional Pastoral Strategies in a Modern World: An Example from Northern Kenya. Human Organization [online], 55, 219–224. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44127165

  • Rufino, M. C., Thornton, P. K., Mutie, I., Jones, P., Van Wijk, M., & Herrero, M. (2013). Transitions in Agro-Pastoralist Systems of East Africa: Impacts on Food Security and Poverty. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment [online], 179, 215–230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.08.019

  • Sandbrook, C., Nelson, F., Adams, W. M., & Agrawal, A. (2010). Carbon, Forests, and the REDD Paradox. Oryx, 44(3), 330–334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Santoro, A., Venturi, M., Bertani, R., & Agnoletti, M. (2020). A review of the role of forests and agroforestry systems in the FAO Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS) programme. Forests, 11(8), 860.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sendalo, D. (2009). A Review of Land Tenure Policy Implications on Pastoralism in Tanzania. Ministry of Livestock Development and Fisheries, Dar es Salaam

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, R. T., Witt, A. B, Nunda, W., & Richardson, D. M. (2017a). Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed) in Eastern Africa: Distribution and Socio-Ecological Impacts. Biological Invasions, 19(4), 1285–1298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, R. T., Witt, A. B., Piroris, F. M., & van Wilgen, B. W. (2017b). Distribution and socio-ecological impacts of the invasive alien cactus Opuntia stricta in eastern Africa. Biological Invasions, 19(8), 2427–2441.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shackleton, R. T., Witt, A. B., Aool, W., & Pratt, C. F. (2017c). Distribution of the invasive alien weed, Lantana camara, and its ecological and livelihood impacts in eastern Africa. African Journal of Range & Forage Science, 34(1), 1–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shao, J. (1986). The Villagization Program and the Disruption of the Ecological Balance in Tanzania. Canadian Journal of African Studies, 20(2), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.2307/484871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, K., Ruyonga, G., & Nicholson, M. (2016). Enhancing Tree Conservation and Forest Restoration in East Africa. BGjournal, 13(2), 28–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheil, D. (1994). Invasive Plants in Tropical Forests: Warnings from the Amani Botanic Gardens, Tanzania. Botanical Gardens Conservation News, 2(3), 23–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, A. J., Collins, S. A., & Spaling, H. (2011). The Role of Participant Learning in Community Conservation in the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest, Kenya. Conservation and Society, 9, 42–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sindiga, I. (1984). Land and Population Problems in Kajiado and Narok, Kenya. African Studies Review, 27(1), 23–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sindiga, I. (1999). Alternative Tourism and Sustainable Development in Kenya. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 7(2), 108–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skibins, J., Powell, R., & Hallo, J. (2016). Lucky 13: Conservation Implications of Broadening “Big 5” Flagship Species Recognition in East Africa. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 24(7), 1024–1040.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soulé, M. E., Wilcox, B. A., & Clarke, H. (1979). Benign Neglect: A Model of Faunal Collapse in the Game Reerves of East Africa. Biological Conservation, 15, 259–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southgate, C., & Hulme, D. (2000). Uncommon Property: The Scramble for Wetland in Southern Kenya. In P. Woodhouse, H. Bernstein, & D. Hulme (Eds.), African Enclosures? The Social Dynamics of Wetlands in Drylands. James Currey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sungusia, E. (2010). Community Based Conservation in Tanzania, Getting the Incentives Right. Tropical Resources: Bulletin of the Yale Tropical Resources Institute, 29, 54–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunseri, T. (2005). ‘Something Else to Burn’: Forest Squatters, Conservationists, and the State in Modern Tanzania. The Journal of Modern African Studies, 43(4), 609–640.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunseri, T. (2010). Wielding the Ax: State Forestry and Social Conflict in Tanzania, 1820–2000 Athens. Ohio University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ticktin, T. (2004). The Ecological Implications of Harvesting Non-Timber Forest Products. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41(1), 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilt, B., Braun, Y., & He, D. (2009). Social Impacts of Large Dam Projects: A Comparison of International Case. Studies and Implications for Best Practice. Journal of Environmental Management, 90, 249–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyrrell, P., Russell, S., & Western, D. (2017). Seasonal Movements of Wildlife and Livestock in a Heterogenous Pastoral Landscape: Implications for Coexistence and Community Based Conservation. Global Ecology and Conservation, 12, 59–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, F. M., Burn, R. W., & Milliken, T. (2013). Dissecting the Illegal Ivory Trade: An Analysis of Ivory Seizures Data. PloS one, 8(10).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNEP & INTERPOL. (2014). The Environmental Crime Crisis: Threats to Sustainable Development from Illegal Exploitation and Trade in Wildlife and Forest Resources. UNEP/GRID, Arendal, Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Mead, N. (2018). China in Africa: Win-Win Development, or a New Colonialism? The Guardian, July 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wasser, S. K., Shedlock, A. M., Comstock, K., Ostrander, E. A., Mutayoba, B., & Stephens, M. (2004). Assigning African Elephant DNA to Geographic Region of Origin: Applications to the Ivory Trade. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 101(41), 14847–14852.

    Google Scholar 

  • Western, D. (1994). Ecosystem Conservation and Rural Development: The Case of Amboseli. In D. Western & R. M. Wright (Eds.), Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community Based Conservation (pp. 15–52). Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Western, D. (2008). Ecotourism, Conservation and Development in East Africa: How the Philanthropic Traveller Can Make a Difference. Paper commissioned for The Centre for Responsible Tourism, Stanford University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Western, D., & Manzolillo Nightingale, D. L. (2003). Environmental Change and the Vulnerability of Pastoralists to Drought: A Case Study of the Maasai in Amboseli, Kenya.

    Google Scholar 

  • Western, D., Groom, R., & Worden, J. (2009). The Impact of Subdivision and Sedentarization of Pastoral Lands on Wildlife in an African Savanna Ecosystem. Biological Conservation [online], 142, 2538e2546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.05.025

  • Western, D., Mose, V., Worden, J., & Maitumo, D. (2015). Predicting Extreme Droughts in Savannah Africa: A Comparison of Proxy and Direct Measures in Detecting Biomass Fluctuations, Trends and Their Causes. PLoS One [online], 10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136516

  • Wild, R., & Mutebi, J. (1997). Bwindi impenetrable forest. Uganda: Conservation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wissenbach, U., & Wang, Y. (2017). African Politics Meets Chinese Engineers: The Chinese-Built Standard Gauge Railway Project in Kenya and East Africa (Working Paper No. 2017/13). China Africa Research Initiative, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Washington, DC. http://www.sais-cari.org/publications

  • Witt, A. B. R. (2017). Use of Non-Native Species for Poverty Alleviation in Developing Economies. In M. Vilá & P. E. Hulme (Eds.), Impact of Biological Invasions on Ecosystem Services: Invading Nature-Springer Series in Invasion Ecology 12. Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynants, M., Kelly, C., Mtei, K., Munishi, L., Patrick, A., Rabinovich, A., Nasseri, M., Gilvear, D., Roberts, N., Boeckx, P., Wilson, G., Blake, W. H., & Ndakidemi, P. (2019). Drivers of Increased Soil Erosion in East Africa’s Agro-Pastoral Systems: Changing Interactions Between the Social, Economic and Natural Domains. Regional Environmental Change, 19, 1909–1921.

    Google Scholar 

  • Xinhuanet.com. 2017. Chinese-Built Broadband Gives Tanzania Premium Speed, December 3, 2016.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahabu, E., Eid, T., Kajembe, G. C., Mbwambo, L., Mongo, C., Sangeda, A. Z., Malimbwi, R. E., Katani, J. Z., Kashaigili, J. J., & Luoga, E. J. (2009). Forestland Tenure Systems in Tanzania: An Overview of Policy Changes in Relation to Forest Management [Eiendomsforholdene for skogarealer i Tanzania: en oversikt over policyendringer i skogforvaltningen]. INA-Fagrapport, 14, 24.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, York, UK

    Rob Marchant

Authors
  1. Rob Marchant
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Marchant, R. (2021). Postcolonial Transitions and Recent Political History. In: East Africa’s Human Environment Interactions. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88987-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-88987-6_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-030-88986-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-030-88987-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation