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Squamous Cell Cancer: Mucosal, Nodal and Extranodal Disease

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Hybrid PET/MR Neuroimaging

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Abstract

Head and neck cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide; in 2018, it caused more than 10,000 deaths in the USA (Siegel et al., CA Cancer J Clin 68:7–30, 2018). Although head and neck cancers related to tobacco are declining globally, cancers related to human papilloma virus (HPV) are increasing in younger patients, likely from oral sex exposure (Chow, N Engl J Med 382:60–72, 2020; Bray et al., CA Cancer J Clin 68:394–424, 2018; Gillison et al., J Clin Onco 33:3235–42, 2015; Global Burden of Disease Cancer Collaboration, JAMA Oncol 3:524–48, 2017.). The progressive global burden of HPV-related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) is predicted to surpass cervical cancer in certain developed countries (Taberna et al., Ann Oncol 28:2386–2398, 2017, Chaturvedi et al., J Clin Oncol 31:4550–9, 2013). Accurate staging and follow-up of head and neck cancers are critical, with [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT and PET/MRI playing a vital role with their ability to determine aberrant increased levels of aerobic glycolysis in neoplastic cells (Warburg, Science 123:309–14, 1956; Higashi et al., J Nucl Med 38:1337–44, 1997). In head and neck malignancies, especially head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC),18F-FDG PET/CT and PET/MRI enhance identification of the neoplastic origin in cancers with unknown primary tumors, improve locally advance disease staging, increase nodal staging precision, and assess in posttreatment response. This chapter reviews advantages and disadvantages of PET/MRI for mucosal, nodal, and extranodal HNSCC with respect to the AJCC eighth edition of cancer staging, with a brief review of potential new PET tracers for hypoxia that hold promise for the assessment of HNSCC in the future.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology Northwell Health, Zucker Hofstra School of Medicine at Northwell, North Shore University Hospital, Manhasset, NY, USA

    Claudia F. E. Kirsch

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  1. Claudia F. E. Kirsch
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  1. Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA

    Ana M. Franceschi

  2. Stony Brook University Hospital, Stony Brook, NY, USA

    Dinko Franceschi

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Kirsch, C.F.E. (2022). Squamous Cell Cancer: Mucosal, Nodal and Extranodal Disease. In: Franceschi, A.M., Franceschi, D. (eds) Hybrid PET/MR Neuroimaging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82367-2_56

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82367-2_56

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