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Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Genetics and Genomics

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Book cover Machine Learning in Dentistry

Abstract

In this chapter, we introduce various machine learning (ML) methods and deep learning (DL) algorithms, commonly adopted in genomics data analysis. We begin with a general introduction of genomics data and present a multi-omics study investigating early childhood oral health. We then review statistical methods and ML/DL methods and their application in genomics data analysis that include the following aspects: (1) association between genetic markers, mostly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and complex diseases or traits in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), (2) copy number variation (CNV), and single nucleotide variant (SNV) calling in whole genome sequencing (WGS) or whole exome sequencing (WES) data of tumor samples, (3) association between DNA methylation status and phenotypes, which are commonly referred to as epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS), (4) analysis of genome-wide high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data, (5) inference related to transcription factor binding sites (TF), and (6) single-cell RNA-seq data analysis. To complete the review, we present the results of a systematic review of the machine learning landscape in oral diseases. We conclude with a discussion of potential future applications of ML/DL in genetics and genomics in oral health.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, R03-DE028983 to DW and HC, U01-DE025046 to KD and HC, NIH R01 GM105785, R01 HL129132, and R01 HL146500 to YL, and NLM T15-LM012500 to MP.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Science, Adam School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Di Wu

  2. Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Di Wu & Hunyong Cho

  3. Division of Pediatric and Public Health, Adam School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Deepti S. Karhade & Kimon Divaris

  4. Carolina Health Informatics Program, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Malvika Pillai

  5. Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Min-Zhi Jiang

  6. Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Le Huang & Yun Li

  7. Department of Statistics and Operations Research, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA

    Gang Li

  8. Research Computing, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA

    Jeff Roach

  9. Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA

    Kimon Divaris

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  1. Di Wu
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  10. Kimon Divaris
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Correspondence to Di Wu .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    Ching-Chang Ko

  2. School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, Shanghai, China

    Dinggang Shen

  3. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Li Wang

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Wu, D. et al. (2021). Machine Learning and Deep Learning in Genetics and Genomics. In: Ko, CC., Shen, D., Wang, L. (eds) Machine Learning in Dentistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71881-7_13

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