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Clinical Epidemiology of Cholangiocarcinoma

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Diagnosis and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma

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Abstract

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a relatively rare cancer but is becoming increasingly important due to its rising incidence globally. The incidence of CCA substantially varies by geographic area, with high disease burden in East Asian countries and relatively low incidence in Western countries. Conditions strongly contributing to the risk of CCA include choledochal cyst, hepatolithiasis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and liver fluke infection. Recent epidemiologic data have shown that chronic liver diseases (cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis B/C infection, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) and metabolic conditions (diabetes, metabolic syndrome) may also increase the risk of CCA development. Occupational exposure to certain toxins and chemicals is also significantly associated with CCA risk. Surveillance of CCA in specific groups of patients has been shown to improve survival. A role for aspirin in the prevention of CCA has also been suggested. The present chapter will review these and other epidemiological aspects of CCA.

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Abbreviations

95%CI:

95% confidence interval

ABCC2 :

ATP binding cassette subfamily C member 2

ARPKD:

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease

BAP1 :

BRCA1-associated protein 1

BER:

Base excision repair

BiLIN:

Biliary intraepithelial neoplasia

CCA:

Cholangiocarcinoma

COX-2 :

Cyclooxygenase-2

CT:

Computerized tomography

CUP:

Cancers of unknown primary origin

dCCA:

Distal CCA

eCCA:

Extrahepatic CCA

EGFR :

Epidermal growth factor receptor

GSTM1 :

Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1

GSTO1 :

Glutathione S-transferase omega-1

GSTT1 :

Glutathione S-transferase theta 1

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

hOGG1 :

Human homolog of the 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1

IARC:

International Agency for Research on Cancer

iCCA:

Intrahepatic CCA

ICD:

International Classification of Diseases

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

IR:

Incidence ratio

MetS:

Metabolic syndrome

MRCP:

Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

MRP2 :

Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2

MTHFR :

Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

MUTYH, MYH :

MutY homolog

NAFLD/NASH:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

NAT1 :

N-acetyltransferase 1

NAT2 :

N-acetyltransferase 2

NKG2D:

Natural killer cell receptor group 2 member D

NOCCA:

Nordic Occupational Cancer Study

OR:

Odds ratio

pCCA:

Hilar/perihilar CCA

PSC:

Primary sclerosing cholangitis

SEER:

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results

SIRs:

Standardized incidence ratios

SNPs:

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

STAT3 :

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

TSER :

Thymidylate synthase enhancer region

WHO:

World Health Organization

XRCC1 :

X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1

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  1. Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Roongruedee Chaiteerakij

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    James H. Tabibian

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Chaiteerakij, R. (2021). Clinical Epidemiology of Cholangiocarcinoma. In: Tabibian, J.H. (eds) Diagnosis and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70936-5_5

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