Abstract
Current, substrate, and temperature strongly influence species occurrence and abundance for the denizens of running waters. Current governs the physical form of habitat and affects organisms through drag and dislodgment, but also delivers food and nutrients while removing wastes. A variety of sophisticated methods measure current and associated hydraulic forces on substrate and organisms, but it remains challenging to quantify the forces exerted on small organisms residing on substrates, due to both scale and turbulence. Substrate encompasses a wide variety of inorganic and organic material from fine silt to boulders and large wood, making it challenging to quantify. Because most stream-dwelling organisms are ectotherms, temperature influences their metabolic rates, distributions, and quite possibly their success in interacting with other species. Stream temperature can vary on seasonal and daily time scales and among locations due to climate, extent of streamside vegetation, and the relative importance of groundwater inputs. Human activities alter the natural temperature regime by removal of shade, changes to flow paths such as increased impervious surface, construction of impoundments, and by influencing the climate. Stream restoration commonly requires methods to reverse habitat degradation due to human-caused changes in these features of the abiotic environment.
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Allan, J.D., Castillo, M.M., Capps, K.A. (2021). The Abiotic Environment. In: Stream Ecology . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61286-3_5
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