Abstract
Facial reconstruction is employed in medical science and archaeology. Though quite popular as anthropological method, it has not so far been used in the orthodox ecclesiastical tradition. This work presents the facial reconstruction of St Eftychios of Crete, who lived between the ninth and tenth centuries. Computed tomography and reverse engineering methods were employed to complete the task. Reconstruction of the mandible and the missing left zygomatic arch was implemented following the Sassouni method. The American method was followed for the soft tissues, with clay deposition of appropriate thickness, on the surface of the skull model. The eyes, nose, and lips were added based on the dimensions of the underlying bone structures. Long hair and beard were added, according to the classic Byzantine tradition pattern of the time period. The final bust developed was then digitized, using a 3D non-contact laser scanner. The 3D geometry produced was employed to produce a mold with vacuum casting techniques. This mold provides the ability to produce copies of the bust, if needed. At the same time, a realistic 3D representation of the Saint’s bust was developed, with the aid of special software, in order to compare the traditional forensic reconstruction to the pure digital one. This work is the first case of a Saint’s facial reconstruction in the Orthodox Church. The facial reconstruction process, with all the limitations considered, offers the ability to present a realistic aspect of a Greek Orthodox Church Saint, in a form that is easily accessible. Both physical and digital facial reconstruction processes were based on scientific data, so they were as accurate as possible, considering that the mandible was missing in the skull. The facial reconstruction was entirely implemented in Greece creating the basis for similar work in the future. The final bust developed was donated to the Odigitria Monastery, to be exhibited to its visitors.
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Acknowledgments
Authors would like to thank journalist and writer Psilakis Nikos for his contribution in the acquirement of the Saint’s skull from the monastery, sculptor Papadoperaki Aspasia for the artistic diligence of the hair and beard on the physical bust, mandible surgeon Fragakis Marios for the support in the construction of the Saint’s mandible, mechanical engineer Mountakis Nikos for his contribution in the digital bust development, the Forensic Department, the Radiology Department, the Dental clinic and the Plastic surgery unit, of the Surgical Oncology clinic, of the General University Hospital of Heraklion for their technical support in the implementation of this work. This work is dedicated to the memory of Manolis Michalodimitrakis, Professor of Forensic Medicine at the University of Crete, beloved mentor, collaborator, and friend, who passed away in 2016.
Authors’ Contribution
Vidakis Nectarios: concept/design, data analysis/interpretation, drafting of the manuscript, critical revision of the manuscript, and approval of the manuscript.
Petousis Markos: concept/design, acquisition of data, data analysis/interpretation, drafting of the manuscript, 3D modeling, and 3D printing processes.
Nathena Despoina: anthropological analysis, interpretation, discussion of the results, and review of the manuscript.
Kranioti Elena: anthropological analysis, interpretation, discussion of the results, and review of the manuscript.
Manios Andreas: concept/design, acquisition of data, data analysis/interpretation, drafting of the manuscript, approval of the article, physical bust development.
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Vidakis, N., Petousis, M., Nathena, D., Kranioti, E.F., Manios, A. (2021). Forensic Recreation and Visual Representation of Greek Orthodox Church Saint Eftychios of Crete. In: Rea, P.M. (eds) Biomedical Visualisation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1317. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61125-5_2
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