Abstract
The present study had been conducted in Swathi village of Nawalparasi district, which is rich in traditional knowledge. The primary aim of the study was to document medicinal plants used to cure various ailments in Tharu community in Swathi village. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews, household survey, and focus group discussion. Altogether 105 plant species of medicinal values were recorded belonging to 94 genera and 50 families, among which Fabaceae accounts as the most dominant species, i.e., 12 species. Most of the species found in the study area found in wild of which herbs account as the most used lifeform. Leaves were the widely used plant part practiced to treat human ailments. These plant species were evaluated in terms of parts use category, habit category, mode of use category, disease use category, medicinal use pattern and multiple uses, number of use reports, and number of taxa uses to treat different ailments. These medicinal plants were documented with their scientific name, local name, family, and lifeform of plants. Especially local faith healers, Guruwas, and elderly people had rich knowledge about the traditional use of medicinal plants. Women of the study area had rich knowledge on the use of plants for different purposes. Respiratory diseases and fever ailments have the highest ICF (0.80), whereas ureno-genital disorders have the lowest (0.25) ICF. Euphorbia royleana, Cuscuta reflexa, Bryophyllum pinnatum, and Artemisia indica have the highest FL (100% each) being used for respiratory disease and fever, others (jaundice), and gastrointestinal disorders, respectively. Further biological studies should also be conducted on the reported medicinal plant species of the study area to utilize them in drug development. Further studies are needed to evaluate the efficacies and possible side effects of the traditional medicinal plants before they are recommended for their wider use in both the study area and elsewhere in the country.
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Acknowledgments
I am very much grateful to the Tharu community especially the Guruwas who shared their invaluable knowledge on the use of medicinal plants and time. I would also like to thank Mr. Prabin Bhandari, Mr. Yagyraj Paneru, and Mr. Mukti Ram Poudel for their assistance in the identification of medicinal plants. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Sangeeta Rajbhandary for her supervision, valuable advice, and suggestions throughout this entire work. Ms. Laxmi Khaniya, Ms. Hira Shova Shrestha, Mr. Prakash Bashyal, Mr. Sanjeev Bhandari, Mr. Jeetendra Chaudhary, Mr. Nagendra Kumal, Mr. Darmendra Chaudhary, and my parents are acknowledged for their support in this fieldwork.
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Appendix: List of Ailments Categories , Biomedical Terms, Family, Local Names, Parts Use, Life-Form, and Mode of Use and Processing
Appendix: List of Ailments Categories , Biomedical Terms, Family, Local Names, Parts Use, Life-Form, and Mode of Use and Processing
AC | BMT | SN/CN | Family | LN | PU | St | LF | MoU |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dermatological disorder and cosmetics | Cut | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | B, L | C | T | • The juice of leaves is applied in the skin cut • The bark is burned, and the residue/ash is applied in the cut |
Phaseolus lunatus L. | Leguminosae | Semi | L | C | Cl | • Leaf paste is cooked in mustard oil and applied in the cut | ||
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merrill, J. Am. Arb. BEM 65 | Anacardiaceae | Jegand | B | W | T | • Dried bark powder is applied | ||
Curcuma longa L. BEM 25 | Zingiberaceae | Haldi | Rh | C | H | • Dried rhizome powder is applied | ||
Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. BEM 61 | Fabaceae | Ghaupurna | B, St | W | Sh | • Dried bark powder is applied • Stem paste is applied | ||
Rosa alba L. ʈ | Rosaceae | Gulab | L | C | Sh | • Leaf paste is applied | ||
Blumea lacera (Burf. f.) DC. ʈ | Asteraceae | Kukurauna | L | W | H | • Leaf juice is applied in the cut | ||
Wounds | Bombax ceiba L. ʈ | Bombacaceae | Semar | B, Lt | C, W | T | • Bark paste with a little salt is applied in the wound • Latex is applied in the wound | |
Phaseolus lunatus L. BEM 15 | Leguminosae | Semi | L | C | Cl | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | ||
Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. BEM 14 | Cucurbitaceae | Ghiraula | L | C | Cl | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | ||
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | L, B | C | T | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied • Bark powder is applied | ||
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. ʈ | Malvaceae | Baramase phool | L | C | Sh | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | ||
Lens culinaris Medik. ʈ | Leguminosae | Musuri | Sd | C | H | • The seed is burnt until dark and powdered with little oil and then applied | ||
Ricinus communis L. BEM 22 | Euphorbiaceae | Vakheraal | ML | W | Sh | • Milky latex is applied | ||
Ipomoea carnea subsp. fistulosa (Mart. ex Choisy) D. F. Austin ʈ | Convolvulaceae | Behewa | ML | W | Sh | • Milky latex is applied | ||
Sida acuta Burm. f. BEM 18 | Malvaceae | Bariyara | L | W | H | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | ||
Rosa alba L. ʈ | Rosaceae | Gulab | L | C | Sh | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | ||
Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. BEM 26 | Asclepiadaceae | Madaar | ML | W | Sh | • Milky latex is applied | ||
Linum usitatissimum L. ʈ | Linaceae | Aakash | Sd | C | H | • Seed powder is applied | ||
Desmodium gangeticum (L.) DC. BEM 61 | Fabaceae | Ghaupurna | L | W | Sh | • Leaf paste is applied | ||
Oxyria digyna (L.) Hill. ʈ | Polygonaceae | Padamchaal | Rh | W | H | • Rhizome paste is mixed with onion paste, turmeric powder, and mustard oil and then heated and applied | ||
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. ʈ | Convolvulaceae | Kermuwa | L | W, C | H | • Leaf paste is applied | ||
Curcuma longa L. BEM 25 | Zingiberaceae | Haldi | Rh | C | H | • Rhizome powder with little oil is heated and then applied | ||
Clerodendrum indicum (L.) Kuntze BEM 21 | Verbenaceae | Ageyari khar | St | W | Sh | • Stem pieces are weaved to make necklace and the necklace is weared as the stem is dried so as wound | ||
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. ʈ | Convolvulaceae | Kermuwa | Wh | W, C | H | • Whole part paste is applied | ||
Saccharum munja Roxb. ʈ | Poaceae | Munj | L | W, C | H | • Leaf smoke is passed over the wound | ||
Pimples | Tagetes patula L. BEM 38 | Asteraceae | Gena ke phool | Fl | C | H | • Flower juice is applied in the pimples area | |
Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle ʈ | Rutaceae | Kagati | Fr | C | T | • Fruit juice with curd and turmeric powder is applied | ||
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. BEM 31 | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Gheekumari | ML | C | H | • Milky latex is applied | ||
Skin rashes | Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. BEM 31 | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Gheekumari | ML | C | H | • Milky latex is applied in the skin rashes | |
Phaseolus lunatus L. BEM 15 | Leguminosae | Semi | L | C | Cl | • Leaf juice is applied | ||
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | L | C | T | • Leaf juice is applied | ||
Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem. BEM 14 | Cucurbitaceae | Ghiraula | L | C | Cl | • Leaf paste is applied | ||
Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle ʈ | Rutaceae | Kagati | Fr | C | T | • Fruit juice is applied in skin rashes | ||
Ringworm | Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold. BEM 1 | Apocynaceae | Kanaili | ML | C | T | • Milky latex is applied in the affected part | |
Phaseolus lunatus L. BEM 15 | Leguminosae | Semi | L | C | Cl | • Leaf paste with CaCO3 is applied in the affected part | ||
Ipomoea aquatica Forsk. ʈ | Convolvulaceae | Kermuwa | L | W, C | H | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | ||
Allium sativum L. ʈ | Alliaceae | Lasun | Bl | C | H | • Garlic piece paste is applied | ||
Cassia fistula L. BEM 72 | Fabaceae | Aagiroga/raajbirxa | L | W | T | • Leaf juice is applied | ||
Scabies | Calotropis gigantea (L.) Dryand. BEM 26 | Asclepiadaceae | Madaar | ML | W | Sh | • Milky latex is applied | |
Phaseolus lunatus L. BEM 15 | Leguminosae | Semi | L | C | Cl | • Leaf paste is gently heated and applied | ||
Ectoparasites (lice killing) | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | L | C | T | • Leaf paste is applied on the surface of the body to kill lice | |
Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. BEM 34 | Verbenaceae | Vaat | L | W | Sh | • Leaf paste is applied on the surface of the body to kill lice | ||
Annona squamata L. ʈ | Annonaceae | Salipha | Sd | C | T | • Seed powder is mixed with oil and then applied | ||
Erythrina suberosa Roxb. ʈ | Fabaceae | Parsini | Sd | W | T | • Seed powder is applied | ||
Nicotiana tabacum L. ʈ | Solanaceae | Surti | St | C | H | • Infusion is poured over the body | ||
Body inflammation | Rosa alba L. ʈ | Rosaceae | Gulab | L | C | Sh | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | |
Zingiber officinale Rosc. ʈ | Zingiberaceae | Aaduwa | Rh | C | H | • Dried rhizome with a little salt is made into a paste and then applied | ||
Boil/burnt | Mangifera indica L. ʈ | Anacardiaceae | Aap | Sd | C | T | • Seed paste is applied | |
Phyllanthus emblica L. BEM 78 | Euphorbiaceae | Aaora | B, L | C | T | • Dried bark and leaf powder are mixed with aakash oil and then applied to the boiled area | ||
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. BEM 31 | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Gheekumari | ML | C | H | • Milky latex is applied | ||
Tamarindus indica L. BEM 49 | Fabaceae | Emli | B | C | T | • Bark powder is mixed with aakash oil and then applied | ||
Allergy | Bauhinia vahlii Wight & Arn. BEM 63 | Fabaceae | Maullani | St, B | W | Cl | • Parts are soaked to make a bath from it | |
Gastrointestinal disorders | Diarrhea | Musa paradisiaca L. BEM 13 | Musaceae | Kera | Fr | C | H | • Unripe raw fruits with a little salt are taken |
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. ʈ | Apiaceae | Ghod tapre | L | W | H | • Leaf juice is orally taken | ||
Psidium guajava L. BEM 16 | Myrtaceae | Beluti | Twigs of L | C | T | • Leaf twig with a little salt is taken | ||
Punica granatum L. BEM 17 | Punicaceae | Annar | Fl, RT | C | T | • Infusion is taken orally | ||
Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. ʈ | Poaceae | Narkat | Twigs of L | C, W | H | • Leaf twig paste with a little salt is taken | ||
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels. BEM 33 | Myrtaceae | Jamua | B | C | T | • Bark paste is given | ||
Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. BEM 32 | Lamiaceae | Gumma | L | W | H | • Leaf paste with a little salt is given | ||
Cannabis sativa L. ʈ | Cannabaceae | Gaja | L, Sd | C, W | H | • Leaf or seed paste is given | ||
Xeromphis uliginosa (Retz.) Maheshw. BEM 48 | Rubiaceae | Pidaal | L | C | T | • Leaf paste with a little salt is given | ||
Shorea robusta Gaertn. ʈ | Dipterocarpaceae | Shekhuwa | Fr | W | T | • Fruit powder is taken | ||
Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze. ʈ | Theaceae | Chiyapati | L | C | Sh | • Finished products of tea and sugar are eaten together | ||
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa BEM 57 | Rutaceae | Bel | Fr | C | T | • Ripe fruits and juice are taken | ||
Rhododendron arboreum Sm. ʈ | Ericaceae | Laliguraas | L, Fl | W | T | • Paste is taken | ||
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. BEM 65 | Anacardiaceae | Jengad | B | W | T | • Dried bark powder with a little salt is taken | ||
Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl. BEM 71 | Verbenaceae | Buddai ke laauwa | L | W | Sh | • Leaf juice is orally taken | ||
Indigestion | Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. ʈ | Leguminosae | Tairee/kadja | Sd | W | T | • Seeds are heated gently and orally taken | |
Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. BEM 32 | Lamiaceae | Gumma | L, St | W | H | Juice is taken | ||
Terminalia chebula Retz. ʈ | Combretaceae | Harro | Fr | W | T | • Fruit powder and fruit powder of Terminalia bellirica and black salt are taken | ||
Phyllanthus emblica L. BEM 78 | Euphorbiaceae | Aaora | Fr | C | T | • Fruit powder is taken | ||
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. BEM 37 | Combretaceae | Beharra | Fr | W | T | • Fruit powder is taken | ||
Saccharum officinarum Lindl. ʈ | Poaceae | Ukhu | St | C | H | • Stem juice is taken | ||
Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC. BEM 36 | Bignoniaceae | Kachari | B | W | T | • Dried bark powder with a little salt and harro powder is taken | ||
Curcuma longa L. BEM 25 | Zingiberaceae | Haldi | Fl | C | H | • Dried flower powder mixed with molasses is given | ||
Acacia catechu (L. f.) Willd. BEM 77 | Fabaceae | Khayer | B | W | T | • Bark powder is taken with water | ||
Gastritis | Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC. BEM 36 | Bignoniaceae | Kachari | B | W | T | • Dried bark powder with a little salt and harro powder is taken | |
Terminalia chebula Retz. ʈ | Combretaceae | Harro | Fr | W | T | • Fruit powder with kachari bark powder and black salt is taken | ||
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. BEM 37 | Combretaceae | Beharra | Fr | W | T | • Fruit powder with harro powder is taken | ||
Cassia tora L. ʈ | Fabaceae | Chakmake | Sd | W | Sh | • Seed powder with raw tea is taken | ||
Intestinal worms | Phragmites karka (Retz.) Trin. ex Steud. ʈ | Poaceae | Narkat | Twigs L | W | H | • Leaf paste with a little salt | |
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | L | C | T | • Raw leaf is eaten • Leaf paste with curd is given | ||
Punica granatum L. BEM 17 | Punicaceae | Annar | Fl | C | Sh | • Flower paste is taken | ||
Stomach swelling | Curcuma longa L. BEM 25 | Zingiberaceae | Haldi | Fl | C | H | • Dried flower powder is taken with water | |
Stereospermum chelonoides (L. f.) DC. BEM 36 | Bignoniaceae | Kachari | B | W | T | • Dried bark powder with a little salt is taken | ||
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. BEM 65 | Anacardiaceae | Jengad | B | W | T | • Dried bark powder with a little salt is taken | ||
Cleaning the stomach | Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. ʈ | Leguminosae | Kadja/tairee | Sd | W | T | • Seeds are heated gently and eaten | |
Paederia foetida L. ʈ | Rubiaceae | Ganpaxar | Wh | W | Cl | • Extracted juice is taken | ||
Piles | Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine. BEM 23 | Acanthaceae | Tel makhana | Rt | W | H | • Root paste with 2.5 barley and 2.5 Piper nigrum is taken | |
Punica granatum L. BEM 17 | Punicaceae | Annar | Fl | C | T | • Raw flowers are eaten up to 2 weeks | ||
Stomach stone | Bryophyllum pinnatum (Lam.) Oken BEM 2 | Crassulaceae | Amarbel | L | C | H | • Raw leaves are eaten with a little salt | |
Mimosa pudica L. BEM 80 | Fabaceae | Lajja jhar | L, Rt | W | H | • Decoction is taken | ||
Zea mays L. | Poaceae | Makai | Fb | C | H | • Decoction is taken | ||
Constipation | Achyranthes aspera L. BEM 11 | Amaranthaceae | Ulto chirchira | L | W | H | • Leaf juice is taken with a little salt | |
Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa. BEM 57 | Rutaceae | Bel | Fr | W, C | T | • Ripe fruit is eaten or juice is taken | ||
Appetizer | Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. ʈ | Leguminosae | Kadja/tairee | Sd | W | T | • Seeds are boiled and taken with a little salt | |
Phyllanthus emblica L. BEM 78 | Euphorbiaceae | Aaora | Fr | W, C | T | • Dried fruits are ponded and taken with cold water | ||
Respiratory diseases and fever | Common cold | Euphorbia royleana Boiss. BEM 30 | Euphorbiaceae | Seudi | L | C | H | • Leaves are gently heated and juice is extracted and applied |
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. BEM 47 | Lamiaceae | Tulsi | L | C | H | • Decoction of leaves is used | ||
Ricinus communis L. BEM 22 | Euphorbiaceae | Vakheraal | L | W | Sh | • Leaves are gently heated and attached to the body part | ||
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | L | C | T | • Leaf juice is used | ||
Cough | Euphorbia royleana Boiss. BEM 30 | Euphorbiaceae | Seudi | L | C | H | • Leaves are gently heated and juice is extracted and applied | |
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. BEM 47 | Lamiaceae | Tulsi | L | C | H | • Decoction of leaves is used | ||
Ricinus communis L. BEM 22 | Euphorbiaceae | Vakheraal | L | W | Sh | • Leaves are gently heated and attached to the body part | ||
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. ʈ | Apiaceae | Ghod tapre | Rt | W | H | • Infusion of leaves is used | ||
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | L | C | T | • Leaf juice is used | ||
Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC. ʈ | Asteraceae | Naakpheni | L | W | H | • Leaves are heated gently and juice is extracted and used | ||
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. BEM 31 | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Gheekumari | Wh | C | H | • Whole part juice is used | ||
Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. BEM 32 | Lamiaceae | Gumma | L | W | H | • Leaf juice is used | ||
Piper longum L. BEM 60 | Piperaceae | Pipari | Fr | W | Cl | • Ripe fruits are eaten | ||
Asthma | Calotropis gigantean (L.) Dryand. BEM 26 | Asclepiadaceae | Madaar | Fl | W | Sh | • Dried powdered is used | |
Trichosanthes tricuspidata Lour. ʈ | Cucurbitaceae | Mahar, Jaharmara | Sd | W | Cl | • Seeds are gently heated and eaten | ||
Prunus persica (L.) Batsch. ʈ | Rosaceae | Aaru | L | C | T | • Raw leaves with a little salt are eaten | ||
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | L | C | T | • Decoction of leaves is used | ||
Datura stramonium L. BEM 76 | Solanaceae | Dhaturo | Sd | W | H | • Seeds are heated and used | ||
Fever | Euphorbia royleana Boiss. BEM 30 | Euphorbiaceae | Seudi | L | C | H | • Leaves are gently heated and juice is extracted and applied | |
Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. ʈ | Leguminosae | Kadja/tairee | Sd | W | Cl | • Seeds are heated and eaten | ||
Paederia foetida L. ʈ | Rubiaceae | Ganpaxar | Wh | W | Cl | • Whole part juice is used | ||
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. BEM 52 | Fabaceae | Sisoo | L | W, C | T | • Leaf infusion is used | ||
Momordica charantia L. ʈ | Cucurbitaceae | Karela | L | C | Cl | • Leaf juice is massaged on the body part | ||
Cyperus compressus L. BEM 66 | Cyperaceae | Churai ghaas | Rt | C | H | • Root paste is used | ||
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. BEM 47 | Lamiaceae | Tulsi | L | C | H | • Decoction of leaves is used | ||
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | L | C | T | • Decoction of leaves is used | ||
Chlorophytum nepalense (Lindl.) Baker. ʈ | Anthericaceae | Ban pyaaj | Tu | W | H | • Tuber juice is massaged on the body part | ||
Typhoid | Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. ʈ | Leguminosae | Kadja/tairee | Sd | W | T | • Seeds are heated and eaten | |
Pneumonia | Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. ʈ | Leguminosae | Kadja/tairee | Sd | W | T | • Seeds are heated and eaten | |
Chest pain | Caesalpinia bonduc (L.) Roxb. ʈ | Leguminosae | Kadja/tairee | Sd | W | T | • Seeds are heated and eaten | |
Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine. BEM 23 | Acanthaceae | Tel makhana | Rt | W | H | • Root paste is used | ||
Ureno-genital disorder | Diuretic | Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. ʈ | Rhamnaceae | Jangli baer | Rt | W | Sh | • Root paste is drank with water |
Frequent urination | Achyranthes aspera L. BEM 11 | Amaranthaceae | Ulto chirchira | L | W | H | • Leaf paste is taken | |
Leucorrhea | Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench. BEM 20 | Malvaceae | Vindii | Rt | C | H | • Root paste with 2.5 barley and 2.5 Piper nigrum is used | |
Menstrual disorders | Cascabela thevetia (L.) Lippold. BEM 1 | Apocynaceae | Kanaili | M, Fl | C | T | • Milky latex is applied • Flower powder is taken | |
Laboring | Semecarpus anacardium L. f. BEM 75 | Anacardiaceae | Vela | Wod | W | T | • Wood is burnt to warm the body while laboring so that the skin becomes softer to deliver | |
Bambusa tulda Roxb. ʈ | Poaceae | Baas | L | C, W | H | • Raw leaves are given to be eaten during labor | ||
Aphrodisiac | Piper longum L. BEM 60 | Piperaceae | Pipari | Fr | W | Cl | • Dried fruit is quite burnt and eaten | |
Penis swelling | Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms ʈ | Pontederiaceae | Jalkumbhi | L | W | H | • Leaf paste is applied | |
Ear and throat problems | Earache | Ocimum tenuiflorum L. BEM 47 | Lamiaceae | Tulsi | L | C | H | • Oil is applied as dropwise |
Ficus religiosa L. ʈ | Moraceae | Pipal | Midrib of L | C | T | • Midrib is sliced and heated in oil and then applied | ||
Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. BEM 34 | Verbenaceae | Vaat | L | W | Sh | • Decoction of leaves is used | ||
Throat sore | Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Hash BEM 19 | Poaceae | Qatar | Rt | W | H | • Root paste with 2.5 barley and 2.5 Piper nigrum and mixed thoroughly and drunk | |
Toothache | Calotropis gigantean (L.) Dryand. BEM 26 | Asclepiadaceae | Madaar | ML | W | Sh | • Milky latex is applied | |
Oral and dental disorders | Teeth pain | Musa paradisiaca L. BEM 13 | Musaceae | Kera | L | C | H | • Leaves are given to be chewn |
Tongue sore | Ricinus communis L. BEM 22 | Euphorbiaceae | Vakheraal | ML | W | Sh | • Spread the milky latex | |
Spilanthes paniculata Wall. ex DC. ʈ | Asteraceae | Naakpheni | Fl | W | H | • Flower paste is applied | ||
Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl BEM 71 | Verbenaceae | Buddai ke laauwa | Fr | W | Sh | • Fruit juice is applied | ||
Skeletomuscular pain and swelling | Body ache | Paederia foetida L. ʈ | Rubiaceae | Ganpaxar | St | W | Cl | • Decoction of stem |
Datura stramonium L. BEM 76 | Solanaceae | Dhaturo | Sd | W | H | • Seed oil is extracted and massaged on the affected part | ||
Chlorophytum nepalense (Lindl.) Baker. ʈ | Anthericaceae | Jangli pyaaj | Tu | W | H | • Tuber juice is extracted and massaged on the affected part | ||
Clerodendrum viscosum Vent. BEM 34 | Verbenaceae | Vaat | Rt | W | Sh | • Root paste is cooked in oil and then applied to the affected part | ||
Mimosa pudica L. BEM 80 | Fabaceae | Lajja jhar | Rt | W | H | • Root paste is applied on the affected part | ||
Trichosanthes sp. BEM 4 | Cucurbitaceae | Kajhadi | Rt | W | Cl | • Root paste with leaves of Tamarindus indica and extracted juice is then massaged to the affected part | ||
Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott ʈ | Araceae | Mainpatta | L | C | H | • Leaves are gently heated and tied it to the affected part | ||
Sprain | Tamarindus indica L. BEM 49 | Fabaceae | Emli | L | C | T | • Leaf paste is applied | |
Muscular pain | Paederia foetida L. ʈ | Rubiaceae | Ganpaxar | Wh | W | Cl | • Whole part paste is applied in the affected part | |
Euphorbia tithymaloides L. BEM 28 | Euphorbiaceae | Chituwa | L | C | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | |||
Hygrophila auriculata (Schumach.) Heine. BEM 23 | Acanthaceae | Tel makhana | Rt | W | H | • Infusion of roots | ||
Achyranthes aspera L. BEM 11 | Amaranthaceae | Ulto chirchira | L | W | H | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | ||
Allium sativum L. ʈ | Alliaceae | Lasun | Tu | C | H | • Raw tuber is eaten with an empty stomach | ||
Joint pain | Ricinus communis L. BEM 22 | Euphorbiaceae | Vakheraal | L | W | Sh | • Leaves are gently heated and tied to the affected part | |
Paederia foetida L. ʈ | Rubiaceae | Ganpaxar | Wh | W | Cl | • Whole part paste is applied in the affected part | ||
Calotropis gigantean (L.) Dryand. BEM 26 | Asclepiadaceae | Madaar | Rt | W | Sh | • Decoction of roots is applied | ||
Nicotiana tabacum L. ʈ | Solanaceae | Surti | St | C | H | • Stem powder with fried datura seed powder is mixed and cooked in oil and then applied | ||
Allium sativum L. ʈ | Alliaceae | Lasun | Tu | C | H | • Raw tuber is eaten with an empty stomach | ||
Trichosanthes sp. BEM 4 | Cucurbitaceae | Kajhadi | Rt | W | Cl | • Root paste with leaves of Tamarindus indica and extracted juice is then massaged to the affected part | ||
Alocasia macrorrhiza Schott ʈ | Araceae | Mainpatta | L | C | H | • Leaves are gently heated and tied to the affected part | ||
Arthritis | Paederia foetida L. ʈ | Rubiaceae | Ganpaxar | Wh | W | Cl | • Whole part paste is applied in the affected part | |
Calotropis gigantean (L.) Dryand. BEM 26 | Asclepiadaceae | Madaar | Rt | W | Sh | • Decoction of roots is applied | ||
Nicotiana tabacum L. ʈ | Solanaceae | Surti | St | C | H | • Stem powder with dried datura seed powder is mixed and cooked in oil and then applied | ||
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl. ʈ | Cucurbitaceae | Lauka | L | C | Cl | • Hot leaves are attached to the affected part | ||
Swelling | Rosa alba L. ʈ | Rosaceae | Gulab | L | C | Sh | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | |
Headache | Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. BEM 32 | Lamiaceae | Gumma | L | W | H | • Leaf juice is massaged on the forehead | |
Zanthoxylum armatum DC. ʈ | Rutaceae | Timur | Sd | W, C | T | • Seed paste is applied | ||
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. BEM 31 | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Gheekumari | ML | C | H | • Milky latex is applied | ||
Ageratum conyzoides L. ʈ | Asteraceae | Gandhe | L | W | H | • Leaf juice is massaged on the forehead | ||
Vortex | Coix lacryma-jobi L. BEM 10 | Poaceae | Goiji | Sd | W | H | • Seeds are worn around the neck to avoid vortex | |
BBF | Fracture | Ricinus communis L. BEM 22 | Euphorbiaceae | Vakheraal | L | W | Sh | • 2–3 leaves are pasted with gently heated turmeric powder and oil and tied to the affected part |
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | B | C | T | • Bark powder is cooked in little oil and then applied | ||
Cyperus compressus L. BEM 66 | Cyperaceae | Churai ghaas | Wh | W | H | • Whole part paste with a little salt is applied | ||
Tamarindus indica L. BEM 49 | Fabaceae | Emli | L | C | T | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | ||
Trichosanthes sp. BEM 4 | Cucurbitaceae | Kajhadi | Rt | W | Cl | • Root paste is tied in the affected part | ||
Vanda roxburghii R. Br. BEM 82 | Orchidaceae | Haadjor | Wh | W | H | • Whole part paste is applied to the affected part | ||
Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Stapf ʈ | Poaceae | Kush | Fl | W | H | • Flower paste with burnt centipillar worm is cooked in little oil and then applied | ||
Blood coagulation | Brassica rapa L. ʈ | Brassicaceae | Lahi | Sd | C | H | • Onion piece is cooked in oil with turmeric powder and then applied | |
Ageratum conyzoides L. ʈ | Asteraceae | Gandhe/basaana | Wh | W | H | • Juice is applied to the affected area | ||
Lannea coromandelica (Houtt.) Merr. BEM 65 | Anacardiaceae | Jengad | B | W | T | • Bark powdered is applied to the affected area | ||
Blumea lacera (Burf. f.) DC. ʈ | Asteraceae | Kukurauna | Wh | W | H | • Juice is applied to the affected area | ||
Bone marrow infection | Desmostachya bipinnata (Linn.) Stapf ʈ | Poaceae | Kush | Fl | W | H | • Flower paste is mixed with centipillar (burnt until brown) and then cooked in little oil and applied | |
Azadirachta indica A. Juss. BEM 46 | Meliaceae | Neem | L | W, C | T | • Leaf paste with a little salt is applied | ||
SRR | Snakebite | Rauvolfia serpentine (L.) Benth. ex Kurz ʈ | Apocynaceae | Lakhaan | Wh | W, C | H | • Blossom worn around the neck or a plant in the garden is believed to protect against snakes (should be planted on a cloudy Sunday or Tuesday)/juice is also applied |
Repellent of leeches | Eleocharis acutangula (Roxb.) Schult BEM 8 | Cyperaceae | Goon | Fl | W | H | • Flowers are rubbed to the body exposed in water | |
Repellent of mouse | Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC. BEM 69 | Fabaceae | Susuna | Fr | W | Cl | • Fruits are placed in the hole of mouse in agricultural field | |
Others | Tonic | Paederia foetida L. BEM 59 | Rubiaceae | Ganpaxar | St | W | Cl | • Cooked the stem until semi-solid and drank with hot water |
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Hash BEM 19 | Poaceae | Qatar | Rt | W | H | • Root paste is drank with water | ||
Lactation | Carica papaya L. BEM 12 | Caricaceae | Myoa | Fr | C | T | • The fruit is sliced and cooked in ghee and then taken | |
Asparagus racemosus Willd. BEM 79 | Poaceae | Saantwar | Rt | C, W | H | • Dried root powder is taken | ||
Lens culinaris Medik. ʈ | Leguminosae | Musuri | S | C | H | • Seeds are cooked in water and taken | ||
Cooling agent | Lawsonia inermis L. BEM 29 | Lythraceae | Mehani | L | C | T | • Leaf paste is applied on the forehead | |
Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb. ʈ | Fabaceae | Vijay saal | Wod | W | T | • Infusion of woods is taken | ||
Cassia fistula L. BEM 72 | Fabaceae | Raajbirxa | Sd | W | T | • Seed powder is taken with water | ||
Mangifera indica L. ʈ | Anacardiaceae | Aap | Fr | C | T | • Fruit juice is taken | ||
Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. BEM 52 | Fabaceae | Sisoo | L | C, W | T | • Infusion of leaves is taken | ||
Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. BEM 31 | Xanthorrhoeaceae | Gheekumari | Wh | C | H | • Whole part juice is applied on the body | ||
Eye problems | Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. ex DC. BEM 52 | Fabaceae | Sisoo | L | C, W | T | • Leaf paste is covered in muslin cloth and placed over closed eyes | |
Solanum tuberosum L. ʈ | Solanaceae | Aalu | Tu | C | H | • Fresh and clean tuber is thinly sliced and placed over the eyes | ||
Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Spreng. BEM 32 | Lamiaceae | Gumma | L | W | H | • Leaf juice is applied | ||
Datura stramonium L. BEM 76 | Solanaceae | Dhaturo | L | W | H | • Leaves are placed over closed eyelids | ||
Argemone mexicana L. ʈ | Papaveraceae | Vadvadhia | ML | W | H | • Milky latex is applied in the defected eye as dropwise | ||
Ricinus communis L. BEM 22 | Euphorbiaceae | Vakheraal | ML | W | T | • Milky latex is applied in the defected eye as dropwise | ||
Citrus aurantifolia (Christ.) Swingle ʈ | Rutaceae | Kagati | L | C | T | • Leaf paste is placed over the eyes | ||
Jaundice | Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. BEM 54 | Convolvulaceae | Aakash latti | Wh | W | Cl | • Decoction of the whole parts is taken during bath and when thirsty | |
Solanum nigrum L. ʈ | Solanaceae | Bhubhuru | Wh | W | H | • Whole part juice is taken with a little salt | ||
Carica papaya L. BEM 12 | Caricaceae | Myoa | Fr | C | T | • Ripe fruits are eaten daily | ||
Saccharum officinarum Lindl. ʈ | Poaceae | Ukhu | St | C | H | • Juice is taken daily | ||
Achyranthes aspera L. BEM 11 | Amaranthaceae | Ulto chirchira | St | W | H | • Stem is inserted between the toes, and the body is washed with lime water | ||
Marcha | Musa paradisiaca L. BEM 13 | Musaceae | Kera | Fr | C | H | Rice flour is mixed with kera flour and rolled in cake form and dried | |
Elephantopus scaber L. BEM 6 | Asteraceae | Tangxitari | Rt | W | H | • The roots are washed and powdered with the aid of rice flour and mixed thoroughly, and it is covered up to 2–3 days by straw until it smells and then rolled in cake form and dried | ||
Fish poisoning | Xeromphis spinosa (Thunb.) Keay ʈ | Rubiaceae | Mainphaar | Fr | W | T | • Fruit powder is sprayed in the pond and mixed thoroughly |
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Chaudhary, C., Rajbhandary, S. (2021). Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Medicinal Plants of Tharu Community in Swathi Village, Nawalparasi District Nepal. In: Abbasi, A.M., Bussmann, R.W. (eds) Ethnobiology of Mountain Communities in Asia. Ethnobiology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55494-1_10
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