Skip to main content

The American Nightmare: Graveyard Voters, Demon Sheep, Devil Women, and Lizard People

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Politics of Horror
  • 1002 Accesses

Abstract

Symbols of the uncanny, from the biblically apocalyptic to the cinematically campy, have increasingly manifested in political discourse, from the communication of campaigns to the dramas of democracy. Undead metaphors help the public to make sense of a political discourse that calls out hidden evils to prey on primal fears. A rhetoric of monstrosity used by politicians and pundits alike exposes the decaying landscape of American public discourse. This chapter examines how symbols and tropes of horror stories are employed in political messages, especially with regard to the politics of fear that marked the eras of terrorism and Trump.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. 1.

    Glenn Kessler, “The Case of ‘Zombie’ Voters in South Carolina,” Washington Post, July 25, 2013, accessed May 14, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/fact-checker/post/the-case-of-zombie-voters-in-south-carolina/2013/07/24/86de3c64-f403-11e2-aa2e-4088616498b4_blog.html

  2. 2.

    Jon Greenberg and Linda Qiu, “Fact-Checking Donald Trump’s Claim Hillary Clinton Started Obama Birther Movement,” PolitiFact, September 16, 2016, accessed September 20, 2016, http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2016/sep/16/donald-trump/fact-checking-donald-trumps-claim-hillary-clinton-/

  3. 3.

    Paul Krugman, “Trump and Trade and Zombies,” New York Times, March 19, 2018, accessed February 1, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/19/opinion/donald-trump-trade-.html

  4. 4.

    John Quiggin, “Five Zombie Economic Ideas that Refuse to Die,” Foreign Policy, October 15, 2010, accessed October 4, 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2010/10/15/five-zombie-economic-ideas-that-refuse-to-die/

  5. 5.

    Markets and data, “Zombies in the Cloud,” The Economist, April 11, 2015, accessed October 6, 2016, http://www.economist.com/news/china/21648052-government-tries-spruce-up-its-online-presence-zombies-cloud

  6. 6.

    Dorian Hargrove, “Zombies (with Links to Lincoln Club and Faulconer) Attack Nathan Fletcher,” San Diego Reader, October 26, 2013, accessed September 23, 2016, http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2013/oct/26/zombies-links-lincoln-club-and-faulconer-na/

  7. 7.

    Brendan Riley, “Zombie Walks and the Public Sphere,” Transformative Works and Cultures 18 (2015): http://journal.transformativeworks.org/index.php/twc/article/view/641

  8. 8.

    Joshua Barajas, “How Campaign Ads Can Tell a Zombie Story, and So Can You,” PBS Newshour, October 31, 2012, accessed September 10, 2016, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/zombies-hit-campaign-trail-in-newshours-latest-ad-libs/

  9. 9.

    Gordon Lubold, “The Pentagon Has a Plan to Stop the Zombie Apocalypse. Seriously,” Foreign Policy, May 13, 2014, accessed May 11, 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2014/05/13/exclusive-the-pentagon-has-a-plan-to-stop-the-zombie-apocalypse-seriously/

  10. 10.

    Melanie Haiken, “Is the CDC Planning for a Walking Dead Zombie Apocalypse?” Forbes, May 18, 2014, accessed October 6, 2016, http://www.forbes.com/sites/melaniehaiken/2014/03/18/is-the-cdc-really-preparing-for-a-zombie-apocalypse-not-exactly/

  11. 11.

    Keith Weber, Vivian Langford, Susanna Portaro, Andrew Sutherland, Shaun Trump, and Janelle Vickers, “Fear and Loathing in the 2016 US Presidential Election: How Fear of Death and Cognitive Flexibility Played into Support for Specific Political Candidates” (presentation, Eastern Communication Association Conference, Providence, RI, April 12, 2019).

  12. 12.

    David L. Altheide, Terrorism and the Politics of Fear, 2nd edition (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017), Kindle edition, loc. 43; Barry Glassner, The Culture of Fear: Why Americans are Afraid of the Wrong Things, Tenth Anniversary Edition (New York: Basic Books, 2009); Hisham Ramadan and Jeff Shantz, “Phobic Constructions: An Introduction,” in Manufacturing Phobias: The Political Production of Fear in Theory and Practice, ed. Hisham Ramadan and Jeff Shantz (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2016), 3–14.

  13. 13.

    Isabel Cristina Piedo, “Postmodern Elements of the Contemporary Horror Film,” in Monster Theory: Reading Culture, ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), Kindle edition, loc. 1204–1738.

  14. 14.

    John S. Nelson, “Horror Films Face Political Evils in Everyday Life,” Political Communication 22 (2005): 381–386.

  15. 15.

    Jeffrey Jerome Cohen, “Monster Culture (Seven Theses),” in Monster Theory: Reading Culture, ed. Jeffrey Jerome Cohen (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), Kindle edition, loc. 172–627.

  16. 16.

    Avery F. Gordon, Ghostly Matters: Haunting and the Sociological Imagination (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), Kindle edition, loc. 188.

  17. 17.

    Glenn W. Richardson, Jr., “Pulp Politics: Popular Culture and Political Advertising,” Rhetoric & Public Affairs 3, no. 4 (2000): 603–626; Glenn W. Richardson, Jr., Pulp Politics: How Political Advertising Tells the Stories of American Politics (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2003).

  18. 18.

    Ulrich Beck and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim, Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and its Social and Political Consequences (London: Sage, 2002).

  19. 19.

    Joshua Gunn, “The Rhetoric of Exorcism: George W. Bush and the Return of Political Demonology,” Western Journal of Communication 68, no. 1 (2004): 1–23.

  20. 20.

    William D. Casebeer, “Knowing Evil When You See It: Uses for the Rhetoric of Evil in International Relations,” International Relations 18, no. 4 (2004): 441–451.

  21. 21.

    Michael William Pfau, “Who’s Afraid of Fear Appeals? Contingency, Courage, and Deliberation in Rhetorical Theory and Practice,” Philosophy and Rhetoric 40, no. 2 (2007): 216–237.

  22. 22.

    Henry A. Giroux, “Zombie Politics and Other Late Modern Monstrosities in the Age of Disposability,” Policy Futures in Education 8, no. 1 (2010): 1–7.

  23. 23.

    Daniel W. Drezner, Theories of International Politics and Zombies, Revived Edition (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015).

  24. 24.

    Jason J. Morrisette, “Zombies, International Relations, and the Production of Danger: Critical Security Studies versus the Living Dead,” Studies in Popular Culture 36, no. 2 (2014): 1–27.

  25. 25.

    Insa Koch, “When Politicians Fail: Zombie Democracy and the Anthropology of Actually Existing Politics,” The Sociological Review Monographs 65, no. 1 (2017): 105–120.

  26. 26.

    For a concise discussion, see Henry A. Giroux, Zombie Politics and Culture in the Age of Casino Capitalism (New York: Peter Lang, 2011).

  27. 27.

    Francesco Marciuliano, “Political Campaigns of 6 Movie Monsters,” Smosh, 2011, accessed September 21, 2016, http://www.smosh.com/smosh-pit/articles/political-campaigns-6-movie-monsters

  28. 28.

    Found archived on imgur at https://imgur.com/gallery/fG4rX, accessed February 2, 2019.

  29. 29.

    Roger Corman, John Landis, and Eli Roth, curators, “Can’t Look Away: The Lure of Horror Film,” EMP. Information retrieved on-site, August 21, 2016.

  30. 30.

    Bernadette Marie Calafell. Monstrosity, Performance, and Race in Contemporary Culture (New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 2015), Kindle edition; Barbara Creed, The Monstrous-Feminine: Film, Feminism, Psychoanalysis (New York: Routledge, 1993), Kindle edition.

  31. 31.

    Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan (NP: Anna Ruggierri, 2017), Kindle edition.

  32. 32.

    Jim Ruttenberg, “Scary Ads Take Campaign to Grim New Level,” The New York Times, October 17, 2004, accessed February 1, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/17/politics/campaign/scary-ads-take-campaign-to-a-grim-new-level.html

  33. 33.

    Christopher Beam, “Violence of the Lambs: The Weird Genius Behind Carly Fiorina’s ‘Demon Sheep’ Ad,” Slate, February 4, 2010, accessed September 10, 2016, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2010/02/violence_of_the_lambs.html

  34. 34.

    Brian Montopoli, “Carly Fiorina ‘Demon Sheep’ Ad Inspires Opponents,” CBS News, February 4, 2010, accessed February 2, 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/carly-fiorina-demon-sheep-ad-inspires-opponents/

  35. 35.

    Ibid.

  36. 36.

    Mark Memmott, “‘Scare Tactics’ Call for Scary Music,” It’s All Politics: Political News from NPR, October 7, 2010, accessed February 1, 2019, https://www.npr.org/sections/itsallpolitics/2010/10/06/130382208/scary-music-ads-crossroads

  37. 37.

    No author, “How Campaign Ads Can Tell a Zombie Story, and So Can You,” PBS Newshour, October 31, 2102, accessed December 29, 2018, https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/zombies-hit-campaign-trail-in-newshours-latest-ad-libs

  38. 38.

    Quoted in Andrea Shea, “Campaign Ad Music: It’s All About Emotional Response,” WBUR, October 26, 2012, accessed February 1, 2019, https://www.wbur.org/news/2012/10/26/campaign-ad-music

  39. 39.

    Mark Murray, “NBC News/Wall Street Journal Poll: 2016 ‘An Election About Fear,’” NBC News, November 6, 2016, accessed February 2, 2019, https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/2016-election-day/nbc-news-wall-street-journal-poll-2016-election-about-fear-n678676

  40. 40.

    Eugene Scott, “Donald Trump calls Hillary Clinton ‘in a Certain Way, Evil,’” CNN Politics, February 9, 2016, accessed January 29, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2016/02/09/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-evil/index.html

  41. 41.

    Quoted in Jeremy Diamond, “Donald Trump Calls Hillary Clinton ‘the Devil,’” CNN, August 2, 2016, accessed January 29, 2019, https://www.cnn.com/2016/08/01/politics/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-devil-election-2016/index.html

  42. 42.

    Andrew Delbanco, The Death of Satan: How Americans Have Lost the Sense of Evil (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1995); Stephen D. O’Leary, Arguing the Apocalypse: A Theory of Millennial Rhetoric (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Jeffrey Burton Russell, The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1977).

  43. 43.

    Gunn, “The Rhetoric of Exorcism.”

  44. 44.

    Diamond, “Donald Trump.”

  45. 45.

    Nick Logan, “Bloodied ‘Trump Supporter’ in Hoax Photo is ‘Ash vs. Evil Dead’ Actress Samara Weaving,” Global News, June 8, 2016, accessed February 1, 2019, https://globalnews.ca/news/2750098/bloodied-trump-supporter-in-hoax-photo-is-ash-vs-evil-dead-actress-samara-weaving/

  46. 46.

    Clarence Page, “Column: The Obama Conspiracy Theories Just Keep Coming,” Chicago Tribune, October 13, 2017, accessed February 1, 2019, https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/opinion/page/ct-perspec-page-obama-conspiracy-theories-20171013-story.html

  47. 47.

    Philip Bump, “How to Spot the Reptilians Running the U.S. Government,” The Atlantic, October 31, 2013, accessed February 1, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/10/how-spot-reptilians-runing-us-government/354496/

  48. 48.

    Kathleen Joyce, “Washington Man Tells Police Trump Told Him to Fight ‘Lizard People,’” Fox News, December 6, 2017, accessed February 1, 2019, https://www.foxnews.com/us/washington-man-tells-police-trump-told-him-to-fight-lizard-people

  49. 49.

    Joel Achenbach, “Outsiders: Trump, Bernie, Ted Cruz and the Peasants with Pitchforks,” Washington Post, August 13, 2015, accessed February 2, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/achenblog/wp/2015/08/12/campaign-2016-trump-bernie-and-the-peasants-with-pitchforks/

  50. 50.

    Alexi McCammond, “‘Ted Cruz for Human President’ is the Website You Didn’t Know You Needed,” Bustle, April 29, 2016, accessed February 1, 2019, https://www.bustle.com/articles/157793-ted-cruz-for-human-president-is-the-website-you-didnt-know-you-needed

  51. 51.

    “Hail to the Creeps,” accessed February 2, 2019, http://presidentialmonsters.com/about/

  52. 52.

    Pete Von Sholly, “Introduction,” in Repuglicans, ed. Peter Von Sholly and Steve Tatham (NP: BOOM! Town, 2012), i.

  53. 53.

    Peter Von Sholly and Steve Tatham, Repuglicans (NP: BOOM! Town, 2012), 52, 70.

  54. 54.

    Piedo, “Postmodern Elements.”

  55. 55.

    Buttonwood, “Democracy and Economics: The Death of Reason,” The Economist, May 4, 2016, accessed October 10, 2016, http://www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2016/05/democracy-and-economics

  56. 56.

    Lisa Kröger and Melanie R. Anderson, “Introduction,” in The Ghostly and the Ghosted in Literature and Film: Spectral Identities, ed. Lisa Kröger and Melanie R. Anderson (Newark, NJ: University of Delaware Press, 2013), ix–xvi.

  57. 57.

    Srdjan Smajic, “The Trouble with Ghost-Seeing: Vision, Ideology, and Genre in the Victorian Ghost Story,” ELH 70, no. 4 (2003): 1107–1135.

  58. 58.

    Tom Gunning, “To Scan a Ghost: The Ontology of Mediated Vision,” in The Spectralities Reader: Ghosts and Haunting in Contemporary Cultural Theory, ed. María del Pilar Blanco and Esther Peeren (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), Kindle edition, chapter 13; David Toop, “Excerpt from The Chair Creaks, But No One Sits There,” in The Spectralities Reader: Ghosts and Haunting in Contemporary Cultural Theory, ed. María del Pilar Blanco and Esther Peeren (London: Bloomsbury, 2013), Kindle edition, chapter 17.

  59. 59.

    Rachel E. Page, Robert G. Weiner, and Cynthia J. Miller, “Billy the Kid vs. Dracula: The Old World Meets the Old West,” in Undead in the West: Vampires, Zombies, Mummies, and Ghosts on the Cinematic Frontier, ed. Cynthia J. Miller and A. Bowdoin Van Riper (Lanham, MD: The Scarecrow Press, 2012), Kindle edition, loc. 2946.

  60. 60.

    Piedo, “Postmodern Elements.”

  61. 61.

    Edward J. Ingebretsen, At Stake: Monsters and the Rhetoric of Fear in Public Culture (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2001).

  62. 62.

    Corey Robin, Fear: The History of a Political Idea (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christina M. Knopf .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Knopf, C.M. (2020). The American Nightmare: Graveyard Voters, Demon Sheep, Devil Women, and Lizard People. In: Picariello, D.K. (eds) The Politics of Horror. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42015-4_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics