Abstract
The human microbiome represents a growing area of research that integrates the biomedical and clinical sciences. Through the biomedical research, depth understanding of the molecular characteristics of the host and the microbiota has arisen. The clinical and epidemiological research allows the understanding of the interactions between the host and the microbiota over time.
Research in the field of microbiome and aging has allowed having a broader vision and a better understanding of the complexities and functionality of different microorganisms in health and disease. From the evidence, it is known that aging is a potential modifier of the composition and function of the human microbiome. Actually, it is clear that not only the quantity but the diversity of microorganisms are strongly associated with the health and disease process.
The aim of this chapter is to review the importance of the human microbiota composition at the genomic level and its relationship to clinical responses in aging. All this knowledge will possibly help to treat specific processes related to aging and encourage to keep searching to understand the relation of the aging process due to the microbiome, as well as thoroughly explore the composition of the microbiome in principal body systems and tracts in aged.
Keywords
“We are born 100% human but we die 90% microbial.”
—Mändar Reet
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Abbreviations
- ARAP2:
-
ArfGAP and RhoGAP domain with ankyrin repeat and PH domain 2
- CCL2:
-
C-C motif chemokine ligand 2
- CMV:
-
Cytomegalovirus
- CXCR4:
-
C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4
- DAP2:
-
Dipeptidyl aminopeptidase 2
- DNA:
-
Deoxyribonucleic acid
- EBV:
-
Epstein-Barr virus
- FOS:
-
Fructo-oligosaccharide
- Fut-2:
-
Fucosyltransferase 2
- GWAS:
-
Genome-wide association study
- HHV:
-
Human herpesvirus
- HSV-1:
-
Herpes simplex virus 1
- HSV-2:
-
Herpes simplex virus 2
- IBD:
-
Inflammatory bowel disease
- IgA:
-
Immunoglobulin A
- IgG:
-
Immunoglobulin G
- IL-12:
-
Interleukin 12
- IL12RA:
-
Interleukin 12 receptor A
- IL-17:
-
Interleukin 17
- IL23R:
-
Interleukin 23 receptor
- JAK/Stat:
-
Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription
- KEGG:
-
Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- LDL:
-
Low density level
- LINGO2:
-
Leucine rich repeat and Ig domain containing 2
- MHC:
-
C-type lectin (CLEC), major histocompatibility complex
- NOD1:
-
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 1
- NOD2:
-
Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2
- PLD1:
-
Phospholipase D1
- PUFAs:
-
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- RNA:
-
Ribonucleic acid
- SCFAs:
-
Short-chain fatty acids
- SLIT3:
-
Slit homolog 3
- Stat 5A:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 A
- Stat 5B:
-
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 B
- TCR:
-
T-cell receptor
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor beta
- UBR3:
-
Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 component n-recognin 3
- VDR:
-
Vitamin D receptor
- VPLs:
-
Virus-like particles
- VSCs:
-
Volatile sulfur compounds
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Special thanks to Pamela Tella-Vega for the awesome images for this work.
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Chávez-Elizalde, B.P., Barrera-Vázquez, O.S., Carrillo-Vega, M.F. (2020). Microbiome Research and Aging. In: Gomez-Verjan, J., Rivero-Segura, N. (eds) Clinical Genetics and Genomics of Aging. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-40955-5_9
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