Abstract
Since its inception by Google, Knowledge Graph has become a term that is recently ubiquitously used yet does not have a well-established definition. This section attempts to derive a definition for Knowledge Graphs by compiling existing definitions made in the literature and considering the distinctive characteristics of previous efforts for tackling the data integration challenge we are facing today. Our attempt to make a conceptual definition is complemented with an empirical survey of existing Knowledge Graphs. This section lays the foundation for the remainder of the book, as it provides a common understanding on certain concepts and motivation to build Knowledge Graphs in the first place.
Knowledge graphs are critical to many enterprises today: They provide the structured data and factual knowledge that drive many products and make them more intelligent and magical. (Noy et al. 2019)
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
R. Akerkar, P. Sajja, Knowledge-Based Systems (Jones & Bartlett, Sudbury, MA, 2010)
R. Angles, C. Gutiérrez, Querying RDF data from a graph database perspective, in Proceedings of the 2nd European Semantic Web Conference (ESWC2005), Heraklion, Greece, 29 May–1 June 2005. Springer LNCS, vol. 3532
R. Angles, C. Gutiérrez, Survey of graph database models. ACM Comput. Surv. 40(1), 1–39 (2008)
S. Auer, C. Bizer, G. Kobilarov, J. Lehmann, R. Cyganiak, Z.G. Ives, DBpedia: a nucleus for a web of open data, in Proceedings of the 6th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2007), 2nd Asian Semantic Web Conference, (ASWC2007), Busan, Korea, 11–15 November 2007. Springer LNCS, vol. 4825
M.K. Bergman, A Knowledge Representation Practionary—Guidelines Based on Charles Sanders Peirce (Springer, Cham, 2018)
R. Blanco, B.B. Cambazoglu, P. Mika, N. Torzec, Entity recommendations in web search, in Proceedings of the 12th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2013), Sydney, Australia, 21–25 October 2013. Springer LNCS, vol. 8219
K.D. Bollacker, C. Evans, P. Paritosh, T. Sturge, J. Taylor, Freebase: a collaboratively created graph database for structuring human knowledge, in Proceedings of the 2008 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data (SIGMOD2008), 09–12 June 2008 (ACM, Vancouver)
P.A. Bonatti, S. Decker, A. Polleres, V. Presutti, Knowledge graphs: new directions for knowledge representation on the Semantic Web (dagstuhl seminar 18371). Dagstuhl Rep. 8(9), 29–111 (2019)
R.J. Brachman, On the epistemological status of semantic networks, in Associative Networks: Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers, ed. by N. V. Findler, (Academic, New York, 1979)
R.J. Brachman, The future of knowledge representation, in Proceedings of the 8th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI1990), 29 July–3 August 1990 (AAAI Press, Boston)
R.J. Brachman, J.G. Schmolze, An overview of the KL-ONE knowledge representation system. Cogn. Sci. 9(2), 171–202 (1985)
A. Carlson, J. Betteridge, B. Kisiel, B. Settles, E.R. Hruschka, T.M. Mitchell, Toward an architecture for never-ending language learning, in Proceedings of the 24th Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI2010), 11–15 July 2010 (AAAI Press, Atlanta)
H. Chen, H. Ji, L. Sun, H. Wang, T. Qian, T. Ruan (eds.), Knowledge Graph and Semantic Computing: Semantic, Knowledge, and Linked Big Data—First China Conference, CCKS 2016, Beijing, China, 19–22 September 2016. Revised Selected Papers, Springer Communications in Computer and Information Science, vol. 650 (2016)
E.F. Codd, A relational model of data for large shared data banks. Commun. ACM 13(6), 377–387 (1970)
M. Croitoru, P. Marquis, S. Rudolph, G. Stapleton (eds.), Proceedings of the 5th International Workshop on Graph Structures for Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (GKR2017): Revised Selected Papers, Melbourne, 21 August 2017. Springer LNCS, vol. 10775 (2018)
C. d’Amato, M. Theobald (eds.), Proceedings of the 14th International Summer School 2018: Reasoning Web. Learning, Uncertainty, Streaming, and Scalability: Tutorial Lectures, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, 22–26 September 2018. Springer LNCS, vol. 11078
J. De Bruijn, R. Lara, A. Polleres, D. Fensel, OWL DL vs. OWL flight: conceptual modeling and reasoning for the Semantic Web, in Proceedings of the 14th International World Wide Web Conference (ISWC2005), 10–14 May 2005 (ACM, Chiba, Japan)
X.L. Dong, E. Gabrilovich, G. Heitz, W. Horn, N. Lao, K. Murphy, T. Strohmann, S. Sun, W. Zhang, Knowledge vault: a web-scale approach to probabilistic knowledge fusion, in Proceedings of the 20th ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD2014), 24–27 August 2014a (ACM, New York)
H. Ehrig, C. Ermel, U. Golas, F. Hermann, Graph and Model Transformation: General Framework and Applications (Springer, Berlin, 2015)
L. Ehrlinger, W. Wöß, Towards a definition of knowledge graphs, in Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Semantic Systems (SEMANTICS2016): Posters and Demos Track, CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 1695, Leipzig, Germany, 12–15 September 2016
F. Erxleben, M. Günther, M. Krötzsch, J. Mendez, D. Vrandečić, Introducing wikidata to the linked data web, in Proceedings of the 13th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2014), Riva del Garda, Italy, 19–23 October 2014. Springer LNCS, vol. 8796
E.A. Feigenbaum, Knowledge engineering: the applied side of artificial intelligence. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 426(1), 91–107 (1984). (Originally published 1980)
D. Fensel, M.A. Musen, The Semantic Web: a brain for humankind. IEEE Intell. Syst. 16(2), 24–25 (2001)
D. Fensel, F. van Harmelen, Unifying reasoning and search to web scale. IEEE Internet Comput. 11(2), 94–96 (2007)
D. Fensel, M. Erdmann, R. Studer, Ontology groups: semantically enriched subnets of the WWW, in Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop Intelligent Information Integration During the 21st German Annual Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Freiburg, Germany, September 1997
D. Fensel, F. van Harmelen, B. Andersson, P. Brennan, H. Cunningham, E.D. Valle, F. Fischer, Z. Huang, A. Kiryakov, T.K. Lee, L. Schooler, V. Tresp, S. Wesner, M.J. Witbrock, N. Zhong, Towards LarKC: a platform for web-scale reasoning, in Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC2008), 4–7 August 2008 (IEEE Computer Society, Santa Clara)
J.M. Giménez-García, M.C. Duarte, A. Zimmermann, C. Gravier, E.R. Hruschka Jr., P. Maret, NELL2RDF: Reading the Web, and Publishing It as Linked Data, Technical Report (2018). https://arxiv.org/abs/1804.05639
I.J. Goodfellow, Y. Bengio, A.C. Courville, Deep Learning. Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning (MIT Press, Cambridge, 2016)
R.V. Guha, Contexts: A Formalization and Some Applications, Ph.D. thesis, Stanford University, STAN-CS-91-1399-Thesis.guha, 1991
R.V. Guha, D. Brickley, S. Macbeth, Schema.org: evolution of structured data on the web. Commun. ACM 59(2), 44–51 (2016)
P. Hayes, The Logic of Frames, Readings in Artificial Intelligence (Morgan Kaufmann, Los Altos, CA, 1981)
G.W.F. Hegel, Science of Logic, vol. I, Section 3, Chapter 1, A. The Specific Quantum (Translated by A.V. Miller). Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Paperback Library, Originally appeared (1812)
R. Hoekstra, The knowledge reengineering bottleneck. Semant. Web J. 1(1–2), 111–115 (2010)
J. Hoffart, F.M. Suchanek, K. Berberich, G. Weikum, YAGO2: a spatially and temporally enhanced knowledge base from Wikipedia. Artif. Intell. 194, 28–61 (2013)
J. Lehmann, R. Isele, M. Jakob, A. Jentzsch, D. Kontokostas, P.N. Mendes, S. Hellmann, M. Morsey, P. van Kleef, S. Auer, C. Bizer, DBpedia—a large-scale, multilingual knowledge base extracted from Wikipedia. Semant. Web J. 6(2), 167–195 (2015)
D.B. Lenat, CYC: a large-scale investment in knowledge infrastructure. Commun. ACM 38(11), 33–38 (1995)
D.B. Lenat, R.V. Guha, Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems; Representation and Inference in the Cyc Project, 1st edn. (Addison-Wesley Longman, Reading, MA, 1989)
J. Li, M. Zhou, G. Qi, N. Lao, T. Ruan, J. Du (eds.), Knowledge Graph and Semantic Computing. Language, Knowledge, and Intelligence—Second China Conference (CCKS2017): Revised Selected Papers, Chengdu, China, 26–29 August 2017. Springer CCIS, vol. 784
F. Mahdisoltani, J. Biega, F.M. Suchanek, YAGO3: a knowledge base from multilingual Wikipedias, in Proceedings of Seventh Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR2015), Online Proceedings, Asilomar, CA, 4–7 January 2015. www.cidrdb.org
S. Malyshev, M. Krötzsch, L. González, J. Gonsior, A. Bielefeldt, Getting the most out of Wikidata: semantic technology usage in Wikipedia’s knowledge graph, in Proceedings of 17th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC 2018), Monterey, CA, 8–12 October 2018. Springer LNCS, vol. 11137
T.M. Mitchell, W.W. Cohen, E.R. Hruschka Jr., P.P. Talukdar, B. Yang, J. Betteridge, A. Carlson, B.D. Mishra, M. Gardner, B. Kisiel, J. Krishnamurthy, N. Lao, K. Mazaitis, T. Mohamed, N. Nakashole, E.A. Platanios, A. Ritter, M. Samadi, B. Settles, R.C. Wang, D. Wijaya, A. Gupta, X. Chen, A. Saparov, M. Greaves, J. Welling, Never-ending learning. Commun. ACM 61(5), 103–115 (2018)
A. Newell, The knowledge level. Artif. Intell. 18(1), 87–127 (1982)
N. Noy, Y. Gao, A. Jain, A. Narayanan, A. Patterson, J. Taylor, Industry-scale knowledge graphs: lessons and challenges. ACM Queue 17(2), 48–75 (2019)
J.Z. Pan, D. Calvanese, T. Eiter, I. Horrocks, M. Kifer, F. Lin, Y. Zhao (eds.), Reasoning Web: Logical Foundation of Knowledge Graph Construction and Query Answering—12th International Summer School 2016: Tutorial Lectures, Aberdeen, UK, 5–9 September 2017a. Springer LNCS, vol. 9885
J. Z. Pan, G. Vetere, J. M. Gómez-Pérez, H. Wu (eds.), Exploiting Linked Data and Knowledge Graphs in Large Organisations (Springer, Cham, 2017b)
P.F. Patel-Schneider, Analyzing Schema.org, in Proceedings of the 13th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2014), Riva del Garda, Italy, 19–23 October 2014. Springer LNCS, vol. 8796
P.F. Patel-Schneider, I. Horrocks, Position paper: a comparison of two modelling paradigms in the Semantic Web, in Proceedings of the 15th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2006), 23–26 May 2006 (ACM, Edinburgh)
H. Paulheim, Knowledge graph refinement: a survey of approaches and evaluation methods. Semant. Web J. 8(3), 489–508 (2017)
H. Paulheim, Machine learning with and for Semantic Web knowledge graphs, ed. by C. d’Amato, M. Theobald, in Proceedings of the 14th International Summer School 2018: Reasoning Web. Learning, Uncertainty, Streaming, and Scalability: Tutorial Lectures, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg, 22–26 September 2018a. Springer LNCS, vol. 11078
G. Qi, J. Tang, J. Du, J.Z. Pan, Y. Yu (eds.), Linked Data and Knowledge Graph—7th Chinese Semantic Web Symposium and 2nd Chinese Web Science Conference (CSWS2013): Revised Selected Papers, Shanghai, China, 12–16 August 2013. Springer CCIS, vol. 406
G. Qi, H. Chen, K. Liu, H. Wang, Q. Ji, T. Wu, Knowledge Graph (Springer, Cham, 2020)
W. Reisig, Understanding Petri Nets—Modeling Techniques, Analysis Methods, Case Studies (Springer, Cham, 2013)
H.A. Simon, Models of Man: Social and Rational-Mathematical Essays on Rational Human Behavior in a Social Setting (Wiley, New York, 1957)
J.F. Sowa, Semantic networks, in Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, ed. by S. C. Shapiro, 2nd edn., (Wiley, New York, 1992). http://www.jfsowa.com/pubs/semnet.pdf
F.M. Suchanek, G. Kasneci, G. Weikum, Yago: a core of semantic knowledge, in Proceedings of the 16th International World Wide Web Conference (WWW2007), 8–12 May 2007 (ACM, Banff, Canada)
M. Van Erp, S. Hellmann, J.P. McCrae, C. Chiarcos, K. Choi, J. Gracia, Y. Hayashi, S. Koide, P.N. Mendes, H. Paulheim, H. Takeda (eds.), Knowledge graphs and language technology, in Proceedings of the 15th International Semantic Web Conference (ISWC2016): International Workshops: KEKI and NLP&DBpedia, Kobe, Japan, 17–21 October 2016. Revised selected papers. Springer LNCS, vol. 10579 (2017)
D. Vrandečić, M. Krötzsch, Wikidata: a free collaborative knowledge base. Commun. ACM 57(10), 78–85 (2014)
World Travel & Tourism Council, Travel & Tourism Economic Impact 2018 World (2018). https://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic-impact-research/regions-2018/world2018.pdf
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Fensel, D. et al. (2020). Introduction: What Is a Knowledge Graph?. In: Knowledge Graphs. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37439-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37439-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-030-37438-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-030-37439-6
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)