Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Green Ports

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Sustainable Shipping

Abstract

Sustainable shipping involves not only ships but ports as their extension. This chapter examines the issues associated with a green port operation. These include technologies such as cold ironing; market-based practices such as differentiated fairway dues, speed reduction, and noise and dust abatement; and others. The legislative framework in various countries is explained, and various environmental scorecards are discussed. This chapter starts with a brief review on recent academic research in the field of environmental management of ports and presents the status quo in leading ports around the world. The chapter emphasizes on the implementation of speed reduction programmes near the port, the use of cold ironing at berth, and the effects of fuel quality regulation, considering the perspectives of the port authority and the ship operator. The emerging environmental and economic trade-offs are discussed. The aim of this chapter is to be a starting point for researchers seeking to work on green ports. Insights of this chapter may also be useful for stakeholders seeking to select the best emissions reduction option depending on their unique characteristics.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AGV:

Automated guided vehicles

AMP:

Alternative marine power

BPA:

British Ports Association

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

ESPO:

European Seaport Organization

ETS:

Emissions trading system

EU:

European Union

IAPH:

International Association of Ports and Harbors

IMO:

International Maritime Organization

ITS:

Intelligent transport systems

LNG:

Liquefied natural gas

NOx :

Nitrogen oxides

OPS:

Onshore power supply

POLA:

Port of Los Angeles

POLB:

Port of Long Beach

RMG:

Rail mounted gantry

RTG:

Rubber-tired gantry

SOx :

Sulfur oxides

UNCTAD:

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

VSRP:

Vessel Speed Reduction Programme

References

  • Alderton, P. (2013). Port management and operations. London: Informa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Angeloudis, P., & Bell, M. G. (2010). An uncertainty-aware AGV assignment algorithm for automated container terminals. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 46(3), 354–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aregall, M. G., Bergqvist, R., & Monios, J. (2018). A global review of the hinterland dimension of green port strategies. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 59, 23–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berechman, J., & Tseng, P. H. (2012). Estimating the environmental costs of port related emissions: The case of Kaohsiung. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 17(1), 35–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buhaug, Ø., Corbett, J., Endresen, O., Eyring, V., Faber, J., Hanayama, S., Lee, D., Lindstad, H., Mjelde, A., Palsson, C., Wanquing, W., Winebrake, J., & Yoshida, K. (2009). Second IMO greenhouse gas study. London: International Maritime Organization.

    Google Scholar 

  • California Air Resources Board. (2012). Ocean-going vessels – fuel rule. Available at: http://www.arb.ca.gov/ports/marinevess/ogv.htm. Accessed Jul 2017.

  • Cao, M., & Golias, M. M. (2013). Evaluation of the effect of gate strategies in drayage related emissions. Final report. National Center for Freight and Infrastructure Research and Education. CFIRE 04-19

    Google Scholar 

  • Cariou, P. (2011). Is slow steaming a sustainable means of reducing CO2 emissions from container shipping? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 16(3), 260–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlo, H. J., Vis, I. F., & Roodbergen, K. J. (2014). Storage yard operations in container terminals: Literature overview, trends, and research directions. European Journal of Operational Research, 235(2), 412–430.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen, G., Govindan, K., & Golias, M. M. (2013). Reducing truck emissions at container terminals in a low carbon economy: proposal of a queueing-based bi-objective model for optimizing truck arrival pattern. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 55, 3–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colombaroni, C., Fusco, G., Isaenko, N., Quadrifoglio, L. (2017). Optimization of container operations at inland intermodal terminals. In Models and technologies for intelligent transportation systems (MT-ITS), 2017 5th IEEE International Conference on (pp. 69–74). IEEE.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cullinane, K., & Bergqvist, R. (2014). Emission control areas and their impact on maritime transport. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 28, 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cullinane, K., & Khanna, M. (2000). Economies of scale in large containerships: optimal size and geographical implications. Journal of transport geography, 8(3), 181–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cullinane, K., Tseng, P. H., & Wilmsmeier, G. (2016). Estimation of container ship emissions at berth in Taiwan. International Journal of Sustainable Transportation, 10(5), 466–474.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davarzani, H., Fahimnia, B., Bell, M., & Sarkis, J. (2016). Greening ports and maritime logistics: A review. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 48, 473–487.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Meyer, P., Maes, F., & Volckaert, A. (2008). Emissions from international shipping in the Belgian part of the North Sea and the Belgian seaports. Atmospheric Environment, 42(1), 196–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dragović, B., Tzannatos, E., Tselentis, V., MeÅ¡trović, R., Å kurić, M. (2018). Ship emissions and their externalities in cruise ports. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 61, 289–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Drake, J. M., & Lodge, D. M. (2007). Hull fouling is a risk factor for intercontinental species exchange in aquatic ecosystems. Aquatic Invasions, 2(2), 121–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Naggar, M. E. (2010). Application of queuing theory to the container terminal at Alexandria seaport. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 1(4), 77–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • ESPO. (2012). European port performance dashboard. Available at: http://pprism.espo.be/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=sWk5lsdRFI8%3D&tabid=3555. Accessed Jan 2018.

  • European Commission. (2013). Alternative fuels for transport: Parliament committee vote supports roll-out of refuelling infrastructure. [Press release]. Retrieved from http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-13-1168_en.htm.

  • Giuliano, G., & O’Brien, T. (2007). Reducing port-related truck emissions: The terminal gate appointment system at the Ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 12(7), 460–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Golias, M., Boile, M., Theofanis, S., & Efstathiou, C. (2010). The berth-scheduling problem: Maximizing berth productivity and minimizing fuel consumption and emissions production. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2166, 20–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, D. L., & Wegener, M. (1997). Sustainable transport. Journal of Transport Geography, 5(3), 177–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Imai, A., Chen, H. C., Nishimura, E., & Papadimitriou, S. (2008). The simultaneous berth and quay crane allocation problem. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 44(5), 900–920.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liao, C. H., Tseng, P. H., & Lu, C. S. (2009). Comparing carbon dioxide emissions of trucking and intermodal container transport in Taiwan. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 14(7), 493–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linder, A. (2018). Explaining shipping company participation in voluntary vessel emission reduction programs. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 61, 234–245.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marr, I. L., Rosser, D. P., & Meneses, C. A. (2007). An air quality survey and emissions inventory at Aberdeen Harbour. Atmospheric Environment, 41(30), 6379–6395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mooney, H. A. (2005). Invasive alien species: A new synthesis (Vol. 63). Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikitakos, N. (2012). Green logistics: The concept of zero emissions port. FME Transactions, 40(4), 201–206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ng, S. K., Loh, C., Lin, C., Booth, V., Chan, J. W., Yip, A. C., Li, Y., & Lau, A. K. (2013). Policy change driven by an AIS-assisted marine emission inventory in Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta. Atmospheric Environment, 76, 102–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Passet, R. (1979). L’économique et le vivant (Vol. 23). Paris: Payot.

    Google Scholar 

  • POLA. (2018). Port of Los Angeles Inventory of air emissions - 2017. Available at: https://kentico.portoflosangeles.org/getmedia/880bc597-84bc-4ae6-94e2-59a2e6027f42/2017_Air_Emissions_Inventory

  • Port of Los Angeles. (2017). Inventory of air emissions for calendar year 2016. Available at: https://www.portoflosangeles.org/environment/studies_reports.asp. Accessed Mar 2018

  • Psaraftis, H. N. (2016). Green maritime logistics: the quest for win-win solutions. Transportation Research Procedia, 14, 133–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saxe, H., & Larsen, T. (2004). Air pollution from ships in three Danish ports. Atmospheric Environment, 38(24), 4057–4067.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schinas, O., & Butler, M. (2016). Feasibility and commercial considerations of LNG-fueled ships. Ocean Engineering, 122, 84–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, T. W. P., et al. (2014). Third imo ghg study 2014. London. http://www.iadc.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/MEPC-67-6-INF3-2014-Final-Report-complete.pdf: International Maritime Organization (IMO).

    Google Scholar 

  • Steenken, D., Voß, S., & Stahlbock, R. (2004). Container terminal operation and operations research-a classification and literature review. OR Spectrum, 26(1), 3–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song, S. (2014). Ship emissions inventory, social cost and eco-efficiency in Shanghai Yangshan port. Atmospheric Environment, 82, 288–297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stopford, M. (2009). Maritime economics, Vol. 3. London: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Talley, W. K. (2009). Port economics. Abingdon: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Tzannatos, E. (2010). Ship emissions and their externalities for the port of Piraeus–Greece. Atmospheric Environment, 44(3), 400–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNCTAD (2017). Review of Maritime Transport 2017. New York and Geneva, October 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeng, Q., & Yang, Z. (2009). Integrating simulation and optimization to schedule loading operations in container terminals. Computers & Operations Research, 36(6), 1935–1944.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, W., & Goodchild, A. V. (2010). The impact of truck arrival information on container terminal rehandling. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 46(3), 327–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou, P. F., & Kang, H. G. (2008). Study on berth and quay-crane allocation under stochastic environments in container terminal. Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice, 28(1), 161–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zis, T. (2015). The implications and trade-offs of near-port ship emissions reduction policies. PhD Thesis

    Google Scholar 

  • Zis, T. P. (2019). Prospects of cold ironing as an emissions reduction option. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 119, 82–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zis, T., & Psaraftis, H. N. (2017). The implications of the new sulphur limits on the European Ro-Ro sector. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 52, 185–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zis, T., North, R. J., Angeloudis, P., Ochieng, W. Y., & Bell, M. G. H. (2014). Evaluation of cold ironing and speed reduction policies to reduce ship emissions near and at ports. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 16(4), 371–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zis, T., Angeloudis, P., Bell, M. G., & Psaraftis, H. N. (2016). Payback period for emissions abatement alternatives: Role of regulation and fuel prices. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2549, 37–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Work presented in this chapter draws heavily from the author’s PhD Thesis. The doctoral work was co-funded by the Greek State Scholarship Foundation to which the author is grateful. The author would like to thank Michael G.H. Bell, Kevin Cullinane, and Harilaos N. Psaraftis for fruitful discussions over the last years on the topic of green ports.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

    Thalis P. V. Zis

Authors
  1. Thalis P. V. Zis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Thalis P. V. Zis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. DTU Management Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark

    Harilaos N. Psaraftis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Zis, T.P.V. (2019). Green Ports. In: Psaraftis, H. (eds) Sustainable Shipping. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04330-8_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation