Abstract
Controlling gene expression during plant development is an efficient method to explore gene function and RNA interference (RNAi) is now considered as a powerful technology for gene functional analysis. However, constitutive gene silencing cannot be used with genes involved in fundamental processes such as embryo viability or plant growth and alternative silencing strategies avoiding these limitations should be preferred. Tissue-specific and inducible promoters, able to control gene expression at spatial and/or temporal level, can be used to circumvent viability problems. In this chapter, after a rapid overview of the inducible promoters currently used for transgenic approaches in plants, we describe a method we have developed to study gene function by heat-inducible RNAi. This system is easy to use and complementary to those based on chemical gene inducer treatments and might be useful for both research and biotechnological applications.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Arabidopsis Genome Initiative (2000) Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408, 796–815.
Fox, S., Flichkin, S., and Mockler, T. C. (2009) Applications of ultra-high-throughput sequencing. In: Plant Systems Biology (ed. Belostotsky, D.) Methods in Molecular Biology, Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, Vol. 553, pp. 79–108.
Bourque, J. E. (1995) Antisense strategies for genetic manipulations in plants. Plant Sci. 105, 125–149.
Chuang, C. F. and Meyerowitz, E. M. (2000) Specific and heritable genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97, 4985–4990.
Tavernarakis, N., Wang, S. L., Dorovkov, M., Ryazanov, A., and Driscoll, A. M. (2000) Heritable and inducible genetic interference by double-stranded RNA encoded by transgenes. Nat. Genet. 24, 180–183.
Sui, G., Soohoo, C., Affar, B., Gay, F., Shi, Y., Forrester, W. C., and Shi, Y. (2002) A DNA vector-based RNAi technology to suppress gene expression in mammalian cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 5515–5520.
Fire, A., Xu, S., Montgomery, M. K., Kostas, S. A., Driver, D. E., and Mello, C. C. (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391, 806–811.
Waterhouse, P. M., Graham, M. W., and Wang, M. B. (1998) Virus resistance and gene silencing in plants can be induced by simultaneous expression of sense and antisense RNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13959–13964.
Bernstein, E., Caudy, A. A., Hammond, S. M., and Hannon, G. J. (2001) Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature 409, 363–366.
Cigan, A. M., Unger-Wallace, E., and Haug-Collet, K. (2005) Transcriptional gene silencing as a tool for uncovering gene function in maize. Plant J. 6, 929–940.
Mansoor, S., Amin, I., Hussain, M., Zafar, Y., and Briddon, R. W. (2006) Engineering novel traits in plants through RNA interference. Trends Plant Sci. 11, 559–565.
Schwab, R., Ossowski, S., Riester, M., Warthmann, N., and Weigel, D. (2006) Highly specific gene silencing by artificial microRNAs in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 18, 1121–1133.
Yang, Y., Costa, A., Leonhardt, N., Siegel, R. S., and Schroeder, J. I. (2008) Isolation of a strong Arabidopsis guard cell promoter and its potential as a research tool. Plant Methods 4, 1–15.
Gatz, C. and Lenk, I. (1998) Promoters that respond to chemical inducers. Trends Plant Sci. 3, 352–358.
Gatz, C., Frohberg, C., and Wendenburg, R. (1992) Stringent repression and homogeneous derepression by tetracycline of a modified CaMV 35S promoter in intact transgenic tobacco plants. Plant J. 2, 397–404.
Mett, V. L., Lochhead, L. P., and Reynolds, P. H. (1993) Copper-controllable gene expression system for whole plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 4567–4571.
Ait-Ali, T., Rands, C., and Harberd, N. P. (2003) Flexible control of plant architecture and yield via switchable expression of Arabidopsis gai. Plant Biotechnol. J. 1, 337–343.
Zuo, J. and Chua, N. H. (2000) Chemical-inducible systems for regulated expression of plant genes. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 11, 146–151.
Andersen, S. U., Cvitanich, C., Hougaard, B. K., Roussis, A., Gronlund, M., Jensen, D. B., Frokjaer, L. A., and Jensen, E. O. (2003) The glucocorticoid-inducible GVG system causes severe growth defects in both root and shoot of the model legume Lotus japonicus. Mol. Plant Micr. Interact. 16, 1069–1076.
Vreugdenhil, D., Claassens, M. M., Verhees, J., van der Krol, A. R., and van der Plas, L. H. (2006) Ethanol-inducible gene expression: non-transformed plants also respond to ethanol. Trends Plant Sci. 11, 9–11.
Takahashi, T. and Komeda, Y. (1989) Characterization of two genes encoding small heat-shock proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mol. Gen. Genet. 219, 365–372.
Takahashi, T., Naito, S., and Komeda, Y. (1992) The Arabidopsis HSP18.2 promoter/GUS gene fusion in transgenic Arabidopsis plants: a powerful tool for the isolation of regulatory mutants of the heat-shock response. Plant J. 2, 751–761.
Matsuhara, S., Jingu, F., Takahashi, T., and Komeda, Y. (2000) Heat-shock tagging: a simple method for expression and isolation of plant genome DNA flanked by T-DNA insertions. Plant J. 22, 79–86.
Yoshida, K. and Shinmyo, A. (2000) Transgene expression systems in plant, a natural bioreactor. J Biosci. Bioeng. 90, 353–362.
Luo, K., Sun, M., Deng, W., and Xu, S. (2008) Excision of selectable marker gene from transgenic tobacco using the GM-gene-deletor system regulated by a heat-inducible promoter. Biotechnol. Lett. 30, 1295–1302.
Masclaux, F., Charpenteau, M., Takahashi, T., Pont-Lezica, R., and Galaud, J. P. (2004) Gene silencing using a heat-inducible RNAi system in Arabidopsis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 321, 364–369.
Guo, H. S., Fei, J. F., Xie, Q., and Chua, N. H. (2003) A chemical-regulated inducible RNAi system in plants. Plant J. 34, 383–392.
Ruiz, M. T., Voinnet, O., and Baulcombe, D. C. (1998) Initiation and maintenance of virus-induced gene silencing. Plant Cell 10, 937–946.
Wesley, S. V., Helliwell, C. A., Smith, N. A., Wang, M. B., Rouse, D. T., Liu, Q., Gooding, P. S., Singh, S. P., Abbott, D., Stoutjesdijk, P. A., Robinson, S. P., Gleave, A. P., Green, A. G., and Waterhouse, P. M. (2001) Construct design for efficient, effective and high-throughput gene silencing in plants. Plant J. 27, 581–590.
Hellens, R. P., Edwards, E. A., Leyland, N. R., Bean, S., and Mullineaux, P. M. (2000) pGreen: a versatile and flexible binary Ti vector for Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. Plant Mol. Biol. 42, 819–832. http://www.pgreen.ac.uk
Koncz, C. and Schnell, J. (1986) The promoter of TL-DNA gene 5 controls the tissue specific expression of chimeric genes carried by a novel type of Agrobacterium binary vector. Mol. Gen. Genet. 204, 383–396.
Kulkarni, M. M., Booker, M., Silver, S. J., Friedman, A., Hong, P., Perrimon, N., and Mathey-Prevot, B. (2006) Evidence of off-target effects associated with long dsRNAs in Drosophila melanogaster cell-based assays. Nat. Methods 10, 833–838.
Helliwell, C. and Waterhouse, P. (2003) Constructs and methods for high-throughput gene silencing in plants. Methods 30, 289–295.
Inoue, H., Nojima, H., and Okayama, H. (1990) High efficiency transformation of Escherichia coli with plasmids. Gene 96, 23–28.
Acknowledgements
We thank Phil Mullineaux and Roger Hellens from John Innes Centre and the BBSRC for providing us with pGREEN and pSOUP vectors. We are grateful to Rafaël Pont-Lezica, Séverine Lorrain, and Martine Charpenteau for discussion and critical reading of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Masclaux, F., Galaud, JP. (2011). Heat-Inducible RNAi for Gene Functional Analysis in Plants. In: Kodama, H., Komamine, A. (eds) RNAi and Plant Gene Function Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 744. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-123-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-123-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-122-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-123-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols