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Studies on Experimental Models pp 371–397Cite as

Experimental Models for Ionizing Radiation Research

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Abstract

Ionizing radiation is a valuable tool used for cancer treatment as well as for basic molecular research. More recent interest stems from a need to provide countermeasures against accidental or intentional exposure to radiation through nuclear devices. This chapter provides an overview of the biological effects of radiation and highlights models used to study radiation-induced damage and repair. In vitro and in vivo endpoints including DNA damage, cell survival, apoptosis, cytogenetic aberrations, oxidative stress, tumor response, and genomic instability are discussed. Appropriate use of these models will facilitate the advancement of radiation research as novel molecular mechanisms are elucidated.

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Abbreviations

ATM:

Ataxia telangectasia mutant

AZD:

Astrazeneca Chk1 inhibitor

Bcl-2:

B-cell lymphoma 2

BRCA1/2:

Breast cancer associated 1/2

BSE:

Bystander effect

BUdR:

Bromodeoxyuridine

Chk1/2:

Checkpoint kinase 1/2

CHO:

Chinese hamster ovary cell line

CMXRos:

Chloromethyl-X-rosamine

DCF:

2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescein

DHE:

5-Ethyl-5,6-dihydro-6-phenyl-3,8-diaminophenanthridine, hydroethidine

DiOC6:

3,3′-Dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide

DMF:

Dose modifying factor

DNA-PKcs:

DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit

DSB:

Double-strand break

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

FPG:

Fluorescence plus Giemsa

FX:

Fractionated IR

GI:

Genomic instability

Gy:

Gray

H2AX:

Histone H2A

H2DCF-DA:

2′,7′-Dihydrodichlorofluorescein

HDAC:

Histone deactetylase

HGPRT:

Hypoxanthine–guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

HPLC:

High performance liquid chromatography

HR:

Homologous recombination

Hsp-90:

Heat-shock protein 90

IR:

Ionizing radiation

IUdR:

Iododeoxyurdine

LC3:

Microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3

LD50/30 :

Lethal dose for 50% at 30 days

LET:

Linear energy transfer

MN:

Micronuclei

MRN:

Mre11–Rad50–Nbs1

mTor:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

MTS:

3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide

NFκB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NHEJ:

Nonhomologous end-joining

PARP-1:

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1

PF:

Protector factor

PFGE:

Pulse field gel electrophoresis

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases

PT:

Permeability transition pores

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RPA:

Replication protein A

SCE:

Sister chromatid exchange

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

SSB:

Single strand break

ssDNA:

Single strand DNA

TCD50 :

Tumor control dose for 50%

TMRE:

Tetramethylrhodamine

TUNEL:

Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling

VEGF:

Vascular endothelial growth factor

XIAP:

X-linked Inhibitor of apoptosis protein

XRCC4:

X-ray repair complementing defective repair in CHO 4

XTT:

2,3-Bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide

γH2AX:

Gamma (phosphorylated) H2AX

Δy  m:

Membrane potential difference

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA

    Murali C. Krishna

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  1. Kristin Fabre
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  2. William DeGraff
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  3. John A. Cook
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  4. Murali C. Krishna
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  5. James B. Mitchell
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Correspondence to Murali C. Krishna .

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  1. Dept. Health & Caring Sciences, University Uppsala, Döbelnsgatan 2, Uppsala, 752 37, Sweden

    Samar Basu

  2. Dept. Surgical Sciences, Anaesthesiology, & Intensive Care, Uppsala University Hospital, Akademiska Sjukhuset, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden

    Lars Wiklund

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Fabre, K., DeGraff, W., Cook, J.A., Krishna, M.C., Mitchell, J.B. (2011). Experimental Models for Ionizing Radiation Research. In: Basu, S., Wiklund, L. (eds) Studies on Experimental Models. Oxidative Stress in Applied Basic Research and Clinical Practice. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-956-7_17

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