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The G Protein-Coupled Receptors Handbook pp 159–198Cite as

Regulators of GPCR Activity

The Arrestins

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Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

Abstract

A single photon of light, triggering the physicochemical isomerization of an 11-cis-retinal to its all-trans form, initiates the process of vision. The retinal moiety serves as a tethered ligand for the photoreceptor rhodopsin, a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR); within milliseconds, the conformational change in rhodopsin that occurs as a result of the retinal isomerization catalyzes guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP) for guanosine 5′-diphosphate (GDP) exchange on the heterotrimeric G protein transducin, transducin-dependent activation of a cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase (PDE), and the closure of cGMP-gated ion channels. The resulting hyperpolarization of the rod outer segment membrane inhibits release of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the photoreceptor terminal, and the light-induced stimulus is transmitted through the neural network of the retina to the central nervous system (CNS) for processing.

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  1. Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC

    Louis M. Luttrell MD, PhD

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  1. Louis M. Luttrell MD, PhD
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  1. Department of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY

    Lakshmi A. Devi PhD

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Luttrell, L.M. (2005). Regulators of GPCR Activity. In: Devi, L.A. (eds) The G Protein-Coupled Receptors Handbook. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-919-6_8

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