Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation is a key regulatory posttranslational modification that plays a significant role in major cellular signaling processes. Phosphorylation events can be systematically identified, quantified, and localized on protein sequence using publicly available bioinformatic tools. Here we present the software tools commonly used by the phosphoproteomics community, discuss their underlying principles of operation, and provide a protocol for large-scale phosphoproteome data analysis using the MaxQuant software suite.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Roux PP, Thibault P (2013) The coming of age of phosphoproteomics—from large data sets to inference of protein functions. Mol Cell Proteomics 12(12):3453–64
Mijakovic I, Macek B (2012) Impact of phosphoproteomics on studies of bacterial physiology. FEMS Microbiol Rev 36(4):877–92
Blom N, Gammeltoft S, Brunak S (1999) Sequence and structure-based prediction of eukaryotic protein phosphorylation sites. J Mol Biol 294(5):1351–62
Zhao X et al (2012) Prediction of protein phosphorylation sites by using the composition of k-spaced amino acid pairs. PLoS One 7(10), e46302
Iakoucheva LM et al (2004) The importance of intrinsic disorder for protein phosphorylation. Nucleic Acids Res 32(3):1037–49
Ingrell CR et al (2007) NetPhosYeast: prediction of protein phosphorylation sites in yeast. Bioinformatics 23(7):895–7
Miller ML et al (2009) NetPhosBac - a predictor for Ser/Thr phosphorylation sites in bacterial proteins. Proteomics 9(1):116–25
Que S et al (2012) PhosphoRice: a meta-predictor of rice-specific phosphorylation sites. Plant Methods 8:5
Que S et al (2010) Evaluation of protein phosphorylation site predictors. Protein Pept Lett 17(1):64–9
Eymann C et al (2007) Dynamics of protein phosphorylation on Ser/Thr/Tyr in Bacillus subtilis. Proteomics 7(19):3509–26
Huttlin EL et al (2010) A tissue-specific atlas of mouse protein phosphorylation and expression. Cell 143(7):1174–89
Olsen JV et al (2010) Quantitative phosphoproteomics reveals widespread full phosphorylation site occupancy during mitosis. Sci Signal 3(104):ra3
Steen H, Mann M (2004) The ABC’s (and XYZ’s) of peptide sequencing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 5(9):699–711
Martin DB et al (2005) Investigation of neutral loss during collision-induced dissociation of peptide ions. Anal Chem 77(15):4870–82
Gonzalez de Peredo A et al (2002) C-mannosylation and o-fucosylation of thrombospondin type 1 repeats. Mol Cell Proteomics 1(1):11–8
Zubarev RA et al (2000) Electron capture dissociation for structural characterization of multiply charged protein cations. Anal Chem 72(3):563–73
Syka JE et al (2004) Peptide and protein sequence analysis by electron transfer dissociation mass spectrometry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(26):9528–33
Beltrao P et al (2013) Evolution and functional cross-talk of protein post-translational modifications. Mol Syst Biol 9:714
Soufi B et al (2012) Proteomics reveals evidence of cross-talk between protein modifications in bacteria: focus on acetylation and phosphorylation. Curr Opin Microbiol 15(3):357–63
Savitski MM, Nielsen ML, Zubarev RA (2006) ModifiComb, a new proteomic tool for mapping substoichiometric post-translational modifications, finding novel types of modifications, and fingerprinting complex protein mixtures. Mol Cell Proteomics 5(5):935–48
Cox J, Mann M (2008) MaxQuant enables high peptide identification rates, individualized p.p.b.-range mass accuracies and proteome-wide protein quantification. Nat Biotechnol 26(12):1367–72
Creasy DM, Cottrell JS (2002) Error tolerant searching of uninterpreted tandem mass spectrometry data. Proteomics 2(10):1426–34
Chalkley RJ, Clauser KR (2012) Modification site localization scoring: strategies and performance. Mol Cell Proteomics 11(5):3–14
Beausoleil SA et al (2006) A probability-based approach for high-throughput protein phosphorylation analysis and site localization. Nat Biotechnol 24(10):1285–92
Olsen JV, Mann M (2004) Improved peptide identification in proteomics by two consecutive stages of mass spectrometric fragmentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101(37):13417–22
Olsen JV et al (2006) Global, in vivo, and site-specific phosphorylation dynamics in signaling networks. Cell 127(3):635–48
Beer I et al (2004) Improving large-scale proteomics by clustering of mass spectrometry data. Proteomics 4(4):950–60
Marx H et al (2013) A large synthetic peptide and phosphopeptide reference library for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Nat Biotechnol 31(6):557–64
Eng JK, McCormack AL, Yates JR (1994) An approach to correlate tandem mass spectral data of peptides with amino acid sequences in a protein database. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 5(11):976–89
Savitski MM et al (2011) Confident phosphorylation site localization using the Mascot Delta Score. Mol Cell Proteomics 10(2):M110 003830
Perkins DN et al (1999) Probability-based protein identification by searching sequence databases using mass spectrometry data. Electrophoresis 20(18):3551–67
Trudgian DC, Singleton R, Cockman ME, Ratcliffe PJ, Kessler BM (2012) ModLS: post-translational modification localization scoring with automatic specificity expansion. J Proteomics Bioinform 5(12):283–289
Taus T et al (2011) Universal and confident phosphorylation site localization using phosphoRS. J Proteome Res 10(12):5354–62
Baker PR, Trinidad JC, Chalkley RJ (2011) Modification site localization scoring integrated into a search engine. Mol Cell Proteomics 10(7):M111 008078
Bailey CM et al (2009) SLoMo: automated site localization of modifications from ETD/ECD mass spectra. J Proteome Res 8(4):1965–71
Wenger CD et al (2011) COMPASS: a suite of pre- and post-search proteomics software tools for OMSSA. Proteomics 11(6):1064–74
Cox J et al (2009) A practical guide to the MaxQuant computational platform for SILAC-based quantitative proteomics. Nat Protoc 4(5):698–705
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by grants from the Chalmers University of Technology (to IM), the Juniorprofessoren-Programm of the Landesstiftung BW, the SFB766 of the Deutsche Forshungsgemeinschaft, and PRIME-XS consortium (to BM).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Ravikumar, V., Macek, B., Mijakovic, I. (2016). Resources for Assignment of Phosphorylation Sites on Peptides and Proteins. In: von Stechow, L. (eds) Phospho-Proteomics. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1355. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3049-4_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3049-4_20
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3048-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3049-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols