Abstract
Among NF-κB transcription factors, c-Rel and c-Rel-derived proteins, including v-Rel, are the only ones that have shown consistent and frank transforming activity in cell culture. In particular, viral, chicken, mouse, and human Rel proteins can rapidly transform primary chicken spleen and bone marrow cells. Overexpression of a human Rel protein missing a C-terminal transactivation domain can also enhance the transformed state of the human B-lymphoma cell line BJAB. As described in this chapter, these in vitro assays can be used to quantitatively assess the transforming activity of Rel proteins.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Gilmore TD (2006) Introduction to NF-κB: players, pathways, perspectives. Oncogene 25:6680–6684
Bassères DS, Baldwin AS (2006) Nuclear factor-κB and inhibitor of κB kinase pathways in oncogenic initiation and progression. Oncogene 25:6817–6830
Gilmore TD (1999) Multiple mutations contribute to the oncogenicity of the retroviral oncoprotein v-Rel. Oncogene 18:6925–6937
Carrasco D, Rizzo CA, Dorfman K, Bravo R (1996) The v-rel oncogene promotes malignant T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in transgenic mice. EMBO J 15:3640–3650
Courtois G, Gilmore TD (2006) Mutations in the NF-κB signaling pathway: implications for human disease. Oncogene 25:6831–6843
Fan Y, Gélinas C (2007) An optimal range of transcription potency is necessary for efficient cell transformation by c-Rel to ensure optimal nuclear localization and gene-specific activation. Oncogene 26:4038–4043
Fan Y, Rayet B, Gélinas C (2004) Divergent C-terminal transactivation domains of Rel/NF-κB proteins are critical determinants of their oncogenic potential. Oncogene 23:1030–1042
Romieu-Mourez R, Kim DW, Shin SM, Demicco EG, Landesman-Bollag E, Selden DC et al (2003) Mouse mammary tumor virus c-rel transgenic mice develop mammary tumors. Mol Cell Biol 23:5738–5754
Chin M, Herscovitch M, Zhang N, Waxman DJ, Gilmore TD (2009) Overexpression of an activated version of the REL oncoprotein enhances the transformed state of the human B-lymphoma BJAB cell line and alters its gene expression profile. Oncogene 28:2100–2111
Hoelzer JD, Lewis RB, Wasmuth CR, Bose HR Jr (1980) Hematopoietic cell transformation by reticuloendotheliosis virus: characterization of the genetic defect. Virology 100:462–472
Kralova J, Schatzle JD, Bargmann W, Bose HR Jr (1994) Transformation of avian fibroblasts overexpressing the c-rel proto-oncogene and a variant of c-rel lacking 40 C-terminal amino acids. J Virol 68:2073–2083
Moore BE, Bose HR Jr (1988) Expression of the v-rel oncogene product in reticuloendotheliosis virus-transformed fibroblasts. Virology 162:377–387
Morrison LE, Boehmelt G, Beug H, Enrietto P (1991) Expression of v-rel in a replication competent virus: transformation and biochemical characterization. Oncogene 6:1657–1666
Boehmelt G, Walker A, Kabrun N, Mellitzer G, Beug H, Zenke M et al (1992) Hormone-regulated v-rel estrogen receptor fusion protein: reversible induction of cell transformation and cellular gene expression. EMBO J 11:4641–4652
Capobianco AJ, Gilmore TD (1993) A conditional mutant of vRel containing sequences from the human estrogen receptor. Virology 193:160–170
White DW, Roy A, Gilmore TD (1995) The v-Rel oncoprotein blocks apoptosis and proteolysis of IκB-α in transformed chicken spleen cells. Oncogene 10:857–868
White DW, Gilmore TD (1996) Bcl-2 and CrmA have different effects on transformation, apoptosis, and the stability of IκB-α in chicken spleen cells transformed by temperature-sensitive v-Rel oncoproteins. Oncogene 13:891–899
Zong W-X, Farrell M, Bash J, Gélinas C (1997) v-Rel prevents apoptosis in transformed lymphoid cells and blocks TNFα-induced cell death. Oncogene 15:971–980
Madruga J, Briegel K, Diebold S, Boehmelt G, Vogl F, Zenke M (2000) Dendritic cells conditionally transformed by v-relER oncogene express lymphoid marker genes. Immunobiology 202:394–407
Watanabe S, Temin HM (1983) Construction of a helper cell line for avian reticuloendotheliosis virus cloning vectors. Mol Cell Biol 3:2241–2249
Naviaux RK, Costanzi E, Haas M, Verma IM (1996) The pCL vector system: rapid production of helper-free high-titer, recombinant retroviruses. J Virol 70:5701–5705
Hawley RG, Lieu FHL, Fong AZC, Hawley TS (1994) Versatile retroviral vectors for potential use in gene therapy. Gene Ther 1:136–138
Mosialos G, Hamer P, Capobianco AJ, Laursen R, Gilmore TD (1991) A protein kinase A recognition sequence is structurally linked to transformation by p59v-rel and cytoplasmic retention of p68c-rel. Mol Cell Biol 11:5867–5877
Sif S, Capobianco AJ, Gilmore TD (1993) The vRel oncoprotein increases expression from Sp1 site-containing promoters in chicken embryo fibroblasts. Oncogene 8:2501–2509
Rayet B, Fan Y, Gélinas C (2003) Mutations in the v-Rel transactivation domain indicate altered phosphorylation and identify a subset of NF-κB-regulated cell death inhibitors important for v-Rel transforming activity. Mol Cell Biol 23:1520–1533
White DW, Pitoc G, Gilmore TD (1996) Interaction of the v-Rel oncoprotein with NF-κB and IκB proteins: heterodimers of a transformation-defective v-Rel mutant and NF-κB p52 are functional in vitro and in vivo. Mol Cell Biol 16:1169–1178
Gilmore TD, Cormier C, Jean-Jacques J, Gapuzan M-E (2001) Malignant transformation of primary chicken spleen cells by human transcription factor c-Rel. Oncogene 20:7098–7103
Starczynowski DT, Reynolds JG, Gilmore TD (2003) Deletion of either C-terminal transactivation subdomain enhances the in vitro transforming activity of human transcription factor REL in chicken spleen cells. Oncogene 22:6928–6936
Gilmore TD, Jean-Jacques J, Richards R, Cormier C, Kim J, Kalaitzidis D (2003) Stable expression of the avian retroviral oncoprotein v-Rel in avian, mouse, and dog cell lines. Virology 316:9–16
Dougherty JP, Temin HM (1986) High mutation rate of a spleen necrosis virus-based retrovirus vector. Mol Cell Biol 6:4387–4395
Koo HM, Brown AM, Kaufman RJ, Prorock CM, Ron Y, Dougherty JP (1992) A spleen necrosis virus-based retroviral vector which expresses two genes from a dicistronic mRNA. Virology 186:669–675
Koch T, Rossa E, Skold BH, DeVries L (1973) Anatomy of the chicken and domestic birds. Press, Iowa State University
http://www.poultryhub.org/physiology/body-systems/digestive-system/
Enberg I, Klein G, Biovanella BC, Stehlin J, McCormick KJ, Andersson-Anvret M et al (1983) Relationship between the amounts of EBV-DNA and EBNA per cell, clonability and tumorigenicity in two EBV-negative lymphoma lines and their EBV-converted cell lines. Int J Cancer 31:163–169
Wennborg A, Aman P, Saranath D, Pear W, Sümegi J, Klein G (1987) Conversion of the lymphoma cell line "BJAB" by Epstein-Barr virus into phenotypically altered sublines is accompanied by increased c-myc RNA levels. Int J Cancer 40:202–206
Yamamoto N, Takizawa T, Iwanaga Y, Shimizu N, Yamamoto N (2000) Malignant transformation of B lymphoma cell line BJAB by Epstein–Barr virus-encoded small RNAs. FEBS Lett 484:153–158
Ho L, Davis RE, Conne B, Chappuis R, Berczy M, Mhawech P et al (2005) MALT1 and the AP12-MALT1 fusion act between CD40 and IKK and confer NF-κB-dependent proliferative advantage and resistance against FAS-induced cell death in B cells. Blood 105:2891–2899
Ishikawa H, Carrasco D, Claudio E, Ryseck RP, Bravo R (1997) Gastric hyperplasia and increased proliferative responses of lymphocytes in mice lacking the COOH-terminal ankyrin domain of NF-κB2. J Exp Med 186:999–1014
Ciana P, Neri A, Cappellini C, Cavallo F, Pomati M, Chang C-C et al (1997) Constitutive expression of lymphoma-associated NFKB-2/Lyt-10 proteins is tumorigenic in murine fibroblasts. Oncogene 14:1805–1810
Acknowledgments
Research in the authors’ laboratories on transformation of cells by Rel proteins was supported by NIH grants CA047763 (T.D.G.) and CA054999 (C.G.).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Gilmore, T.D., Gélinas, C. (2015). Methods for Assessing the In Vitro Transforming Activity of NF-κB Transcription Factor c-Rel and Related Proteins. In: May, M. (eds) NF-kappa B. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1280. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2422-6_26
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2422-6_26
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-2421-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-2422-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols