Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Accidental Injury pp 793–809Cite as

Injury Criteria and Motor Vehicle Regulations

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Abstract

A historical review of frontal and side impact regulations in the U.S.A. and Europe has been conducted. The biomechanical bases of injury criteria utilized in these regulations have been examined. It is shown that the biomechanical database utilized in the current impact regulations are based on research conducted before the mid-1980s. Research conducted since then has not had much of an impact on regulatory injury criteria, although upgrades in the US FMVSS 208 and the FMVSS 214 have attempted to synthesize all available data to develop tolerance levels for various size dummies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mertz HJ (1984) Injury assessment reference values used to evaluate Hybrid III response measurements. NHTSA docket 74-14. Notice 32. Enclosure 2 of attachment I of part III of general motors submission USG2284

    Google Scholar 

  2. Mertz HJ (1993) Anthropomorphic test devices. In: Nahum AM, Melvin JW (eds) Accidental injury. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Samaha RR, Elliott DS (2003) NHTSA side impact research: motivation for upgraded test procedures. In: Proceedings of the 18th enhanced safety of vehicles conference, DOT, NHTSA

    Google Scholar 

  4. Newman JA (1980) Head injury criteria in automotive crash testing. SAE 801317. In: Proceedings of the 20th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  5. Lissner HR, Lebow M, Evans FG (1960) Experimental studies on the relation between acceleration and intracranial pressure changes in man. Surg Gynecol Obstet 111:329–338

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Ono K, Kikuchi A, Nakamura M, Kobayashi H, Nakamura N (1980) Human head tolerance to sagittal impact reliable estimation deduced from experimental head injury using sub-human primates and human cadaver skulls. SAE 801303. In: Proceedings of the 24th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  7. Patrick LM, Gurdjian ES, Lissner HR (1965) Survival by design: head protection. In: Proceedings of the 7th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  8. Ruan JS, Prasad P (1995) Coupling of a finite element human head model with a lumped parameter Hybrid III dummy model: preliminary results. J Neurotrauma 12(4):725–734

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Hodgson VR, Thomas LM, Prasad P (1970) Testing the validity and limitations of the severity index. SAE 700901. In: Proceedings of the 14th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  10. Versace J (1971) A review of the severity index. SAE 710881. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  11. Prasad P, Mertz HJ (1985) The position of the United States delegation to the ISO Working Group 6 on the use of HIC in the automotive environment. SAE 851246. SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  12. Mertz HJ, Prasad P, Nusholtz GS (1996) Head injury risk assessment for forehead impacts. SAE 960099. SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  13. Alliance (1999) Dummy response limits for FMVSS 208 compliance testing. Docket No. NHTSA-99-6407, Noyice 1, Annex 2 of Alliance Submission

    Google Scholar 

  14. Eppinger R, Sun E, Bamndak F, Haffner M, Khaewpong N, Maltese M, Kuppa S, Nguyen T, Takhounts E, Tannous R, Zhang A, Saul R (1999) Development of improved injury criteria for the assessment of advanced automotive restraint systems-II. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  15. Yoganandan N, Gennarelli TA, Pintar FA (2007) Characterizing diffuse brain injuries from real world motor vehicle impacts. In: Proceedings of the 20th ESV conference, NHTSA, Washington, DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  16. Pincemaille Y, Trosseille X, Mack P, Tarriere C, Breton F, Renault B (1989) Some new data related to human tolerance obtained from volunteer boxers. SAE 892435. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  17. McElhaney JH, Myers BS (1993) Biomechanical aspects of cervical trauma. In: Nahum AM, Melvin JW (eds) Accidental injury. Springer, New York

    Google Scholar 

  18. Mertz HJ, Hodgson VR, Thomas LM, Nyquist GW (1978) An assessment of compressive neck loads under injury-producing conditions. Phys Sportsmed 6:95–106

    Google Scholar 

  19. Federal Register, USA (1998) Advanced Technology Air Bags, docket no. NHTSA 98-4405, notice 1, 18 Sept 1998

    Google Scholar 

  20. AAMA Comments to docket no. NHTSA 98-4405, no. 48448, DOT docket section (1998)

    Google Scholar 

  21. Prasad P, Daniel RP (1984) A biomechanical analysis of head, neck, and torso injuries to child surrogates due to sudden torso acceleration. SAE 841656. In: Proceedings of the 28th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  22. Mertz HJ, Prasad P (2000) Improved neck injury risk curves for tension and extension moment measurements of crash dummies. Stapp Car Crash J 44:59–75

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Yoganandan N, Eppinger R, Maltese M, Kuppa S, Sun E, Gennarelli TA, Kumaresan S, Pintar FA (2000) Pediatric and small female neck injury scale factors and tolerance based on human spine biomechanical characteristics. In: IRCOBI conference, Lyon, France

    Google Scholar 

  24. Pintar FA, Mayer RG, Yoganandan N, Sun E (2000) Child neck strength characteristics using an animal model. Stapp Car Crash J 44:77–83

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Mertz HJ, Gadd CW (1971) Thoracic tolerance to whole-body deceleration. SAE 710852. In: Proceedings of the 15th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  26. Walfisch G, Chamouard F, Lesterlin D, Tarriere C, Brun Cassan F, Mack P, Got C, Guillon F, Patel A, Hureau J (1985) Predictive functions for thoracic injuries to belt wearers in frontal collisions and their conversion into protection criteria. In: Proceedings of the 29th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  27. Kroell CK, Schneider DC, Nahum AM (1974) Impact tolerance and response to the human thorax II. SAE 741187. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  28. Neathery RF, Kroell CK, Mertz HJ (1975) Prediction of thoracic injury from dummy responses. SAE 751151. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  29. Horsch JD, Melvin JW, Viano DC, Mertz HJ (1991) Thoracic injury assessment of belt restraint systems based on Hybrid III chest compression. SAE 912895. In: Proceedings of the 35th Stapp car crash conference,SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  30. Mertz HJ, Horsch JD, Horn G, Lowne RW (1991) Hybrid III sternal deflection associated with thoracic injury severity of occupants restrained with force-limiting shoulder belts. SAE 910812. SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  31. Kroell CK, Allen SD, Warner CY, Perl TR (1986) Interrelationship of velocity and chest compression in blunt thoracic impact to Swine II. SAE 861881. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  32. Lau IV, Viano DC (1986) The viscous criterion – bases and applications of an injury severity index for soft tissues. SAE 861882. In: Proceedings of the 30th Stapp car crash conference. SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  33. Eppinger RH (1989) On the development of a deformation measurement system and its application toward developing mechanically based injury indices. SAE 892426. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  34. Kuppa SM, Eppinger RH (1998) Development of an improved thoracic injury criterion. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  35. Prasad P (1999) Biomechanical basis for injury criteria used in crashworthiness regulations. In: IRCOBI conference, Lyon, France

    Google Scholar 

  36. Robbins DH, Melvin JW, Stalnaker RL (1976) The prediction of thoracic impact injuries. SAE 760822. In: Proceedings of the 20th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  37. Eppinger RH, Marcus JH, Morgan RM (1984) Development of dummy and injury index for NHTSA’s thoracic side impact protection research program. SAE 840885. Government/Industry Meeting and Exposition, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  38. Pintar FA, Yoganandan N, Hines MH, Maltese MR, McFadden J, Saul R, Eppinger RH, Khaewpong N, Kleinberger M (1997) Chestband analysis of human tolerance to side impact. SAE 973320. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  39. Kuppa S (2004) Injury criteria for side impact dummies. DOT/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. FMVSS-214 NPRM docket: NHTSA-2004-17694

    Google Scholar 

  40. Stalnaker RL, Tarriere C, Fayon A, Walfisch G, Balthazard M, Masset J, Got C, Patel A (1979) Modification of part 572 dummy for lateral impact according to biomechanical data. SAE 791031. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  41. Patrick LM, Kroell CK, Mertz HJ (1965) Forces on the human body in simulated crashes. In: Proceedings of the 9th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  42. Powell WR, Advani SH, Clark RN, Ojala SJ, Holt DJ (1974) Investigation of femur response to longitudinal impact. In: Proceedings of the 18th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  43. Melvin JW, Stalnaker RL, Alem NM, Benson JB, Mohan D (1975) Impact response and tolerance of the lower extremities. SAE 751159. In: Proceedings of the 19th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  44. Viano DC, Khalil TB (1976) Plane strain analysis of a femur midsection. In: Proceedings of the 4th New England bioengineering conference, Pergamma

    Google Scholar 

  45. Yamada H (1970) Strength of biological materials. In: Evans FG (ed) Strength of biological materials. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore

    Google Scholar 

  46. Nyquist GW, Cheng R, Elbohy AR, King AI (1985) Tibia bending: strength and response. In: Proceedings of the 29th Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  47. Piziali R, Hopper R, Girvan D, Merala R (1998) Injury causation in rollover accidents and the biofidelity of hybrid III data in rollover tests. SAE 980362. Mechanics of Protection (SP-1355)

    Google Scholar 

  48. Yoganandan N, Pintar FA (2000) Frontiers in whiplash trauma. IOS Press, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  49. Kuppa SM (2004) Injury criteria and anthropomorphic test devices for whiplash injury assessment. NHTSA and NTBRC report

    Google Scholar 

  50. Macnab I (1964) Acceleration Injuries of the Cervical Spine. J Bone Joint Surg Am 46:1797–1799

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Lu Y, Chen C, Kallakuri S, Patwardhan A, Cavanaugh JM (2005) Neural response of cervical facet joint capsule to stretch: a study of whiplash pain mechanism. Stapp Car Crash J 49:49–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Chen C, Lu Y, Kallakuri S, Patwardhan A, Cavanaugh JM (2006) Distribution of A-delta and C-fiber receptors in the cervical facet joint capsule and their response to stretch. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88(8):1807–1816. doi:10.2106/JBJS.E.00880

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Yang KH, Begeman PC, Muser M, Niederer P, Walz F (1997) On the role of cervical facet joints in rear end impact neck injury mechanisms. SAE 970497. SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  54. Deng B, Begeman PC, Yang KH, Tashman S, King AI (2000) Kinematics of human cadaver cervical spine during low speed rear-end impacts. Stapp Car Crash J 44:171–188

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Sundararajan S, Prasad P, Demetropoulos CK, Tashman S, Begeman PC, Yang KH, King AI (2004) Effect of head-neck position on cervical facet stretch of post mortem human subjects during low speed rear end impacts. Stapp Car Crash J 48:331–372

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Svensson M (1993) Pressure effects in the spinal canal during whiplash extension motion- a possible cause of injury to the cervical spinal ganglia. In: IRCOBI conference, Lyon, France

    Google Scholar 

  57. Bostrom O, Svensson MY, Aldman B, Hansson HA, Haland Y, Lovsund P, Seeman T, Suneson A, Saljo A, Ortengren T (1996) A new neck injury criterion candidate based on injury findings in the cervical spinal ganglia after experimental neck extension trauma. In: IRCOBI conference, Lyon, France

    Google Scholar 

  58. Viano DC, Olsen S (2001) The effectiveness of active head restraint in preventing whiplash. J Trauma 51(5):959–969

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Viano D, Davidsson J (2002) Neck displacements of volunteers, BioRID P3 and hybrid III in rear impacts: implications to whiplash assessment by a Neck Displacement Criterion (NDC). Traffic Inj Prev 3:105–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. IIHS (2002) New vehicle seat & head restraint designs are reducing neck injuries in rear-end crashes, news release. Insurance Institute of Highway Safety Website

    Google Scholar 

  61. Prasad P, Kim A, Weerappuli D (1997) Biofidelity of anthropomorphic test devices for rear impact. SAE 973342. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

  62. Heitzplatz F, Sferco R, Fay P, Reim J, Kim A, Prasad P (2003) An evaluation of existing and proposed injury criteria with various dummies to determine their ability to predict the levels of soft tissue neck injury seen in real world accidents. In: Proceedings of the 18th international technical conf on the enhanced safety of vehicles

    Google Scholar 

  63. King AI (2012) A retrospective look at my contributions to Stapp. Stapp Car Crash J 56:V–XV

    Google Scholar 

  64. Funk JR, Cormier JM, Bain CE, Guzman H, Bonugli EB (2007) An evaluation of various neck injury criteria in vigorous activities. In: IRCOBI conference, Lyon, France

    Google Scholar 

  65. Schmitt K, Muser M, Niederer P (2001) A new neck injury criterion candidate for rear-end collisions taking into account shear forces and bending moments. In: Proceeding of the 17th ESV conference, Washington, DC, USA

    Google Scholar 

  66. Prasad P, Kim A, Weerappuli D, Roberts V, Schneider D (1997) Relationship between passenger car seat back strength and occupant injury severity in rear end collisions: field and laboratory studies. SAE Paper No. 973343. In: Proceedings of the 41st Stapp car crash conference, SAE, Warrendale, Pennsylvania, USA

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Prasad Consulting, LLC, Plymouth, MI, USA

    Priyaranjan Prasad Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Priyaranjan Prasad Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Priyaranjan Prasad Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

    Narayan Yoganandan

  2. School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, San Diego, USA

    Alan M. Nahum

  3. Tandelta Inc., Ann Arbor, USA

    John W. Melvin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Prasad, P. (2015). Injury Criteria and Motor Vehicle Regulations. In: Yoganandan, N., Nahum, A., Melvin, J. (eds) Accidental Injury. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1732-7_27

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1732-7_27

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-1731-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-1732-7

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation