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Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Upper Urinary Urothelial Cancers

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Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma

Abstract

Urothelial carcinoma is a disease characterized by multiplicity, recurrence, and multifocality. Whilst around 5 % of tumors are in the upper tract, as with other human cancers, the study of unusual tumors within a spectrum can reveal insights into disease etiology and biology. Here we review genetic and acquired factors involved in the formation of upper tract urothelial carcinoma. This tumor is the main urological cancer found in Lynch syndrome. Around 10 % of sporadic tumors have similar molecular mechanisms to cancers arising within this most common cancer syndrome. With regard to acquired factors, we report data implicating aristolochic acid ingestion (through contaminated wheat or Chinese medicines) and tobacco smoking. Finally, we review risk factors for developing upper tract urothelial tumors, following treatment for bladder cancer.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Pharmacological Sciences and Medicine/Nephrology, Stony Brook University, BST8-152, Stonybrook, NY, 11794, USA

    Kathleen G. Dickman PhD

  2. Department of Urology, Caritas St. Josef Medical Center, University of Regensburg, Landshuter Str. 65, Regensburg, 93053, Germany

    Hans-Martin Fritsche MD, PhD, FEBU

  3. Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Health Science Center BST 8-160, Stonybrook, NY, 11733, USA

    Arthur P. Grollman MD

  4. Department of Urology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, Bern, 3010, Switzerland

    George N. Thalmann MD

  5. Academic Urology Unit, University of Sheffield, G Floor, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, S10 2RX, Sheffield, UK

    James Catto Mb, ChB, PhD, FRCS(Urol)

  6. Department of Urology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield Cancer Research Centre, The Medical School, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, Yorkshire, S10 2RX, UK

    James Catto Mb, ChB, PhD, FRCS(Urol)

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  1. Kathleen G. Dickman PhD
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  2. Hans-Martin Fritsche MD, PhD, FEBU
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  3. Arthur P. Grollman MD
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  4. George N. Thalmann MD
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  5. James Catto Mb, ChB, PhD, FRCS(Urol)
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Correspondence to James Catto Mb, ChB, PhD, FRCS(Urol) .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Urology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Shahrokh F. Shariat

  2. Department of Urology, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France

    Evanguelos Xylinas

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Dickman, K.G., Fritsche, HM., Grollman, A.P., Thalmann, G.N., Catto, J. (2015). Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Upper Urinary Urothelial Cancers. In: Shariat, S., Xylinas, E. (eds) Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-1501-9_1

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