Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

The Woolly Monkey pp 283–299Cite as

Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda): Conservation Status, Anthropogenic Threats, and Conservation Initiatives

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR,volume 39))

Abstract

This chapter examines threats and conservation opportunities for the Critically Endangered yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda), a species endemic to northeastern Peru. Inherent traits make this species susceptible to extinction from threats identified here as habitat loss, hunting, selective logging, road construction, extractive industry, and climate change, all of which are increasing. Using current range estimates, available habitat, and published density estimates, we present here the first estimate for L. flavicauda population size. We estimate a current population of between 88,622 and 10,564 individuals, which represents a reduction of between 46  and 93 % of the estimated original population since 1981. These numbers represent maximum population estimates as they only consider habitat availability, disregarding hunting pressure. It is clear that both the species’ population size and habitat are decreasing. State conservation efforts do not fully mitigate threats to this species, but land protection by private actors, especially rural communities through the creation of protected areas and landscape-level conservation, offers an innovative and increasingly popular conservation alternative.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Reátegui García, regional director of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, at the Regional Forum on Forest Politics and Climate Change in Tarapoto, June 2010.

  2. 2.

    Simy Benzaquén in a meeting organized by SPDA in Chachapoyas February 2011.

References

  • Ancrenaz M, Dabek L, O’Neil S (2007) The costs of exclusion: recognizing a role for local communities in biodiversity conservation. PLoS Biol 5(11):289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Araujo C, Bonjean CA, Combes JL, Combes Motel P, Reis EJ (2009) Property rights and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Ecol Econ 68(8–9):2461–2468

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arellano-Yanguas J (2008) A thoroughly modern resource curse? The new natural resource policy agenda and the mining revival in Peru. University of Sussex. Institute of development studies (IDS), Brighton

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett AA, Borges SH, Castilho C, Neri FM, Shapley RL (2002) Primates of the Jaú National Park, Amazonas, Brazil. Neotrop Primates 10(2):65–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartra, C. (2010), ‘Santuario Nacional Cordillera de Colán: Maravilla Natural De Amazonas, El Perú Y El Mundo’, (Bagua Grande: Servicio Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas (SERNANP).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bawa KS, Dayanandan S (1998) Global climate change and tropical forest genetic resources. Clim Chang 39(2–3):473–485

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bebbington A (1990) Farmer knowledge, institutional resources and sustainable agricultural strategies: a case study from the eastern slopes of the Peruvian Andes. Bull Latin Am Res 9(2):203–228

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett AF (1999) Linkages in the landscape: the role of corridors and connectivity in wildlife conservation. IUCN, Gland

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierregaard RO, Lovejoy TE, Kapos V, dos Santos AA, Hutchings RW (1992) The biological dynamics of tropical rainforest fragments. Bioscience 42(11):859–866

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bodmer RE, Eisenberg JF, Redford KH (1997) Hunting and the likelihood of extinction of Amazonian mammals. Conserv Biol 11(2):460–466

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brashares JS (2003) Ecological, behavioral, and life-history correlates of mammal extinctions in West Africa. Conserv Biol 17(3):733–743

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks N, Adger WN (2003) Country level risk measures of climate-related natural disasters and implications for adaptation to climate change. Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research

    Google Scholar 

  • Bubb P, May I, Miles L, Sayer J (2004) Cloud forest agenda. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Buckingham F, Shanee S (2009) Conservation priorities for the Peruvian yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda): a GIS risk assessment and gap analysis. Primate Conserv 24:65–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardillo M, Mace GM, Jones KE, Bielby J, Bininda-Emonds ORP, Sechrest W, Orme CDL, Purvis A (2005) Multiple causes of high extinction risk in large mammal species. Science 309(5738):1239–1241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CDC-UNALM (2004) Análisis y modelación espacio-temporal del pasaje en las áreas de intervención del PDA. Universidad Nacional Agraria, La Molina/US AID/WWF, Lima

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman CA, Peres CA (2001) Primate conservation in the new millennium: the role of scientists. Evol Anthropol 10(1):16–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chomitz KM, Gray DA (1996) Roads, land use, and deforestation: a spatial model applied to Belize. World Bank Econ Rev 10(3):487–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corlett RT, Lafrankie JV (1998) Potential impacts of climate change on tropical Asian forests through an influence on phenology. Clim Chang 39(2):439–453. doi:10.1023/a:1005328124567

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cornejo FM (2007) Estado de Conservación de Lagothrix flavicauda “Mono choro cola amarilla” en el Área de Conservación Privada Abra Patricia—Alto Nieva. Report submitted to Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation

    Google Scholar 

  • Courchamp F, Clutton-Brock T, Grenfell B (1999) Inverse density dependence and the Allee effect. Trends Ecol Evol 14:405–410

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cowlishaw G, Dunbar RIM (2000) Primate conservation biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • DeLuycker A (2007) Notes on the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) and its status in the protected forest of Alto Mayo, northern Peru. Primate Conserv 22:41–47

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore A (2002) Predator sensitive foraging in the ateline primates. In: Miller L (ed) Eat or be eaten: predator sensitive foraging among primates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 242–267

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Di Fiore A, Link A, Campbell CJ (2011) The atelines: behavioral and socio-ecological diversity in a new world monkey radiation. In: Campbell CJ, Fuentes A, MacKinnon KC, Bearder SK, Stumpf RM (eds) Primates in perspective, 2nd edn. Oxford University Press, Oxord

    Google Scholar 

  • Dietsche E, Stevens P, Elliott D, Jiwanji M (2007) The challenge of mineral wealth: using resource endowments to foster sustainable development. Peru, Country case study. International Council on Mining and Metals (ICMM)

    Google Scholar 

  • Dourojeanni MJ (1981) Estudio sobre el impacto ambiental de los proyectos de carreteras en la Selva Central del Perú Oficina de Estudios Económicos Ministerio de Transportes y Comunicaciones. Lima

    Google Scholar 

  • Dourojeanni M, Barandiarán A, Dourojeanni D (2009) Amazonia Peruana en 2021. ProNaturaleza, Lima, Peru

    Google Scholar 

  • ESRI (2011) ArcMAP. Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI). Accessed 20 Aug 2011

    Google Scholar 

  • Estrada A (2007) Human and non-human primate co-existence in the neotropics: a preliminary view of some agricultural practices as a complement for primate conservation. Ecol Environ Anthropol 2(2):17–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Fearnside PM (1986) Spatial concentration of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Ambio 15(2):74–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Fjeldså J, Álvarez MD, Lazcano JM, León B (2005) Illicit crops and armed conflict as constraints on biodiversity conservation in the Andes region. Ambio 34(3):205–211

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Foster P (2001) The potential negative impacts of global climate change on tropical montane cloud forests. Earth-Sci Rev 55(1–2):73–106

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankham R (1995) Conservation genetics. Annu Rev Genet 29(1):305–327

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gascon C, Lovejoy TE, Bierregaard RO, Malcolm JR, Stouffer PC, Vasconcelos HL, Laurance WF, Zimmerman B, Tocher M, Borges S (1999) Matrix habitat and species richness in tropical forest remnants. Biol Conserv 91(2–3):223–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaston KJ (1994) Rarity, vol 13. Chapman & Hall, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Groves C (2001) Primate taxonomy. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen AJ, Spies TA, Swanson FJ, Ohmann J (1991) Conserving biodiversity in managed forests. Bioscience 41(6):382–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanya G, Noma N, Agetsuma N (2003) Altitudinal and seasonal variations in the diet of Japanese macaques in Yakushima. Primates 44(1):51–59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Harcourt AH, Coppeto S, Parks S (2002) Rarity, specialization and extinction in primates. J Biogeogr 29(4):445–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris LD (1984) The fragmented forest: island biogeography theory and the preservation of biotic diversity. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • INEI (2007) Resultados Definitivos. Censos Nacionales 2007. Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática, Peru

    Google Scholar 

  • Isaac NJB, Cowlishaw G (2004) How species respond to multiple extinction threats. Proc Biol Sci 271(1544):1135–1141

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jerozolimski A, Peres CA (2003) Bringing home the biggest bacon: a cross-site analysis of the structure of hunter-kill profiles in Neotropical forests. Biol Conserv 111(3):415–425

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johns AG (1997) Timber production and biodiversity conservation in tropical rain forests. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Johns AD, Skorupa JP (1987) Responses of rain-forest primates to habitat disturbance: a review. Int J Primatol 8(2):157–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaimowitz D (1996) Livestock and deforestation in Central America in the 1980s and 1990s: a policy perspective. CIFOR

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotiaho JS, Kaitala V, Komonen A, Päivinen J (2005) Predicting the risk of extinction from shared ecological characteristics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102(6):1963

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, C. J. (1999). Ecological methodology. Menlo Park: Benjamin Cummings.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lande R, Landweber LF, Dobson AP (1999) Extinction risks from anthropogenic, ecological, and genetic factors. In: Landweber LF, Dobson AP (eds) Genetics and the extinction of species. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurance WF (1998) A crisis in the making: responses of Amazonian forests to land use and climate change. Trends Ecol Evol 13(10):411–415

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurance WF, Cochrane MA, Bergen S, Fearnside PM, Delamônica P, Barber C, D’Angelo S, Fernandes T (2001) The future of the Brazilian Amazon. Science 291(5503):438–439

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laurance WF, Albernaz AKM, Schroth G, Fearnside PM, Bergen S, Venticinque EM, Da Costa C (2002) Predictors of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. J Biogeogr 29(5–6):737–748

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leo Luna M (1980) Field study of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey. Oryx 15:386–389

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leo Luna M (1982) Conservation of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) in Peru. Int Zoo Yearb 22:47–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leo Luna M (1987) Primate conservation in Peru: a case study of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey. Primate Conserv 8:122–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Leo Luna M (1989) Biología y Conservación del Mono Choro de Cola Amarilla (Lagothrix flavicauda), Especie en Peligro de Extinción. la Primatología en Latinoamérica. In: Saavedra CJ, Mittermeier RA, Santos IB (eds) La Primatología en Latinoamérica. WWF

    Google Scholar 

  • Lyon J, Horwich RH (1996) Modification of tropical forest patches for wildlife protection and community conservation in Belize. In: Shelhas J, Greenberg R (eds) Forest patches in tropical landscapes. Island Press, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Margules CR, Pressey RL (2000) Systematic conservation planning. Nature 405(6783):243–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Markham A (1998) Potential impacts of climate change on tropical forest ecosystems. Clim Chang 39(2):141–143. doi:10.1023/a:1005396327379

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh LK (2003) Primates in fragments: ecology and conservation. Plenum, New York

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon G, Remy F (2001) Large mines and the community: socioeconomic and environmental effects in Latin America, Canada, and Spain. International development research centre, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • MEM (2011) Ubicacion de los derechos mineros por departamento a nivel nacional Ministerio de Energia y Mina. http://www.inacc.gob.pe/PresentacionDatos/ReporteDMDpto.aspx. Accessed 10 Aug 2011

  • Mendelsohn R (1994) Property rights and tropical deforestation. Oxford Econ Pap 46:750–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier RA, Gil PR, Pilgrim J, Hoffman M, Brooks T, Goettsch C (2004) Hotspots revisited. CEMEX, 2004

    Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier RA, Rylands AB, Schwitzer C, Taylor LA, Chiozza F, Williamson EA (2012) Primatesin Peril: the world’s 25 most endangered primates 2010–2012. IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group (PSG), International Primatological Society (IPS), and Conservation International (CI), Arlington, 40 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nepstad D, Carvalho G, Cristina Barros A, Alencar A, Paulo Capobianco J, Bishop J (2001) Road paving, fire regime feedbacks, and the future of Amazon forests. Forest Ecol Manag 154(3):395–407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newmark WD (1987) A land-bridge island perspective on mammalian extinctions in western North American parks. Nature 325(6103):430–432

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • O’Grady JJ, Reed DH, Brook BW, Frankham R (2004) What are the best correlates of predicted extinction risk? Biol Conserv 118(4):513–520

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palacios E, Peres CA (2005) Primate population densities in three nutrient-poor Amazonian terra firme forests of south-eastern Colombia. Folia Primatol 76(3):135–145

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peres CA (2001) Synergistic effects of subsistence hunting and habitat fragmentation on Amazonian forest vertebrates. Conserv Biol 15(6):1490–1505

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peres CA (2008) Soil fertility and arboreal mammal biomass in tropical forests. In: Carson WP, Schnitzer SA (eds) Tropical forest community ecology. Wiley, Oxford, pp 349–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Peres CA, Terborgh JW (1995) Amazonian nature reserves: an analysis of the defensibility status of existing conservation units and design criteria for the future. Conserv Biol 9(1):34–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pichón FJ (1997) Colonist land-allocation decisions, land use, and deforestation in the Ecuadorian Amazon frontier. Econ Dev Cult Change 45(4):707–744

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pinasco Vela K, Del Águila Arévalo C, Egoavil Flores M (2009) Mineria en San Martin. Serie de Publicaciones Virtuales de AMPA. Amazonicos para la Amazonia (AMPA), Moyobamba

    Google Scholar 

  • PROCLIM/CONAM (2005) Informe del Proyecto PROCLIM—CONAM. INRENA, Lima

    Google Scholar 

  • Purvis A, Gittleman JL, Cowlishaw G, Mace GM (2000) Predicting extinction risk in declining species. Proc Biol Sci 267(1456):1947–1952

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ranta P, Blom T, Niemela J, Joensuu E, Siitonen M (1998) The fragmented Atlantic rain forest of Brazil: size, shape and distribution of forest fragments. Biodivers Conserv 7(3):385–403

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JG, Bennett EL (2000) Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JG, Bennett EL (2004) Having your wildlife and eating it too: an analysis of hunting sustainability across tropical ecosystems. Anim Conserv 7(04):397–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson JG, Bodmer RE (1999) Towards wildlife management in tropical forests. J Wildlife Manag 63(1):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe N, Martinez W (2003) Callicebus sightings in Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador. Neotrop Primates 11(1):32–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Sayers K, Norconk MA (2008) Himalayan Semnopithecus entellus at Langtang National Park, Nepal: diet, activity patterns, and resources. Int J Primatol 29(2):509–530

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S (2009) Modelling spider monkeys Ateles spp. Gray, 1825: ecological responses and conservation implications to increased elevation. J Threat Taxa 1:450–456

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S (2011) Distribution survey and threat assessment of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda; Humboldt 1812), Northeastern Peru. Int J Primatol 32(1):691–706

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee N (2012a) The dynamics of threats and conservation efforts for the Tropical Andes hotspot in Amazonas and San Martin, Peru. PhD thesis, Kent University, Canterbury

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee N (2012b) Trends in local wildlife hunting, trade and control in the Tropical Andes Biodiversity Hotspot, northeastern Peru. Endanger Species Res 19:177–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee N, Shanee S, Horwich RH (in press) Locally run conservation initiatives in northeastern Peru and their effectiveness as conservation methods Oryx

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Shanee N (2011) Population density estimates of the critically endangered yellow-tailed woolly monkeys (Lagothrix flavicauda) at La Esperanza, Northeastern Peru. Int J Primatol 32:878–888

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee N, Shanee S, Maldonado AM (2007a) Conservation assessment and planning for the yellow tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda) in Peru. Wildlife Biol Prac 3(2):73–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee N, Shanee S, Maldonado AM (2007b) Interspecific association between Oreonax and Ateles, Amazonas, Peru. Neotrop Primates 14(1):34–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Shanee N, Cornejo FM (2008a) La Esperanza, Peru: Community Based Conservation Project for the Yellow Tailed Woolly Monkey. Neotropical Primate Conservation

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Shanee N, Maldonado AM (2008b) Distribution and conservation status of the yellow-tailed woolly monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda, Humboldt 1812) in Amazonas and San Martin, Peru. Neotrop Primates 14(3):115–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Soule ME (1983) What do we really know about extinction? In: Schonewald-Cox CM, Chambers SM, Macbride B, Thomas L (eds) Genetics and conservation. Benjamin/Cummings, pp 111–124

    Google Scholar 

  • Southgate D, Sierra R, Brown L (1991) The causes of tropical deforestation in Ecuador: a statistical analysis. World Dev 19(9):1145–1151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SPDA (2013) Iniciativa para la Conservación Privada y Comunal. SPDA and Iniciativa para la Conservación Privada y Comunal. http://www.conservacionprivada.org/. Accessed 10 Aug 2012

  • Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, de Haan C (2006) Livestock’s long shadow: environmental issues and options. FAO, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Still CJ, Foster PN, Schnieder SH (1999) Simulating the effects of climate change on tropical montane cloud forests. Nature 398:608–610

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Terborgh J (1992) Maintenance of diversity in tropical forests. Biotropica 24(2):283–292

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • UNFCCC (2007) Climate change: impacts, vulnerabilities and adaption in developing countries. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Bonn

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Hammen T (2005) Global change biodiversity, and conservation of neotropical montane forests. Biodiversity and Conservation of Neotropical Montane Forests:603–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkie D, Shaw E, Rotberg F, Morelli G, Auzel P (2000) Roads, development, and conservation in the Congo Basin. Conserv Biol 14(6):1614–1622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson CC, Wilson WL (1975) The influence of selective logging on primates and some other animals in East Kalimantan. Folia Primatol 23(4):245–274

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright PC (2007) Considering climate change effects in lemur ecology and conservation. Lemurs: ecology and adaptation. pp 385–401

    Google Scholar 

  • Young KR (1994) Roads and the environmental degradation of tropical montane forests. Conserv Biol 8(4):972–976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young KR (1996) Threats to biological diversity caused by coca/cocaine deforestation in Peru. Environ Conserv 23(1):7–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neotropical Primate Conservation, 23 Portland Road, M32 0PH, Manchester, UK

    Noga Shanee & Sam Shanee

Authors
  1. Noga Shanee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sam Shanee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Noga Shanee .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Biología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, CUNDINAMARCA, Colombia

    Thomas R. Defler

  2. Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia

    Pablo R. Stevenson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Shanee, N., Shanee, S. (2014). Yellow-Tailed Woolly Monkey (Lagothrix flavicauda): Conservation Status, Anthropogenic Threats, and Conservation Initiatives. In: Defler, T., Stevenson, P. (eds) The Woolly Monkey. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects, vol 39. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0697-0_16

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation