Abstract
In spite of critiques that date to the early 1970s (Dancey 1971; Thomas 1975) the notion site is as ubiquitous as any archaeological concept in the current literature. Archaeologists look for, and find sites (e. g., site surveys); they record sites (e. g., state surveys, the National Register of Historic Places); they collect and/or excavate sites, they interpret sites; and incredibly, they even date sites. Site usually provides the framework for recording artifact provenience; it usually serves as a sampling frame at some level in most fieldwork (e. g., Binford 1964; McManomon 1981; Redman 1973); and, largely by default, it, or some partitioning of it (e. g., Dewar 1986), serves as the unit of artifact association. Site is, as usually depicted in introductory texts, a basic, if not the basic, unit of archaeology.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Dunnell, R. C., 1971, Systematic in Prehistory, The Free Press, New York.
Dunnell, R. C., 1986, Methodological Issues in Americanist Artifact Classification, in: Advances in Archaeological method and Theory, 9 (M. Schiffer, ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 149–207.
Dunnell, R. C., 1990, Aspects of the Application of Evolutionary Theory in Archaeology, in: Archaeological Thought in America, (C. C. Lamberg-Karlovsky, ed.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 35–49.
Dunnell, R. C., and Dancy, W. S., 1983, The Siteless Survey: A Regional Scale Data Collection Strategy, in: Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, Volume 6 (M. B. Schiffer, ed.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 267–288.
Foley, R., 1981a, Off-site Archaeology and Human Adaptation in Eastern Africa: Analysis of Regional Artifact Density in the Amboseli, Southern Kenya. Cambridge Monographs in African Archaeology 3. British Archaeological Reports, International Series 97.
Foley, R., 1981b, Off-site Archaeology: An Alternative Approach for the Short-sited, in: Pattern of the Past—Studies in Honour of David Clarke, (I. Hodder, G. Issac, and N. Hammond, eds.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 157–183.
Thomas, D. H., 1975, Nonsite Sampling in Archaeology: Up the Creek without a Site?, in: Sampling in Archaeology (J. W. Mueller, ed.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 61–81.
Aitken, M. J., 1985, Thermoluminescent Dating, Academic Press, London.
Atwater, C., 1833, A Description of the Antiquities Discovered in the Western Country; Originally Communicated to the American Antiquarian Society, in: The Writings of Caleb Atwater (C. Atwater, ed.), Scott and Wright, Columbus, Ohio, pp. 9–165.
Barber, M. B., 1984, The Survey and Evaluation of Cultural Resources in Heavily Vegetated Areas: A U.S. Forest Service Approach, Archaeological Society of Virginia Quarterly Bulletin 39 (2).
Barnhart, C. L., and Stein, J. (eds.), 1958, The American College Dictionary, Random House, New York.
Binford, L. R., 1964, A Consideration of Archaeological Research Design, American Antiquity 29:425–441.
Binford, L. R., 1965, Archaeological Systematics and the Study of Culture Process, American Antiquity 31:203–210.
Binford, L. R., 1968, Some Comments on Historical Versus Processual Archaeology, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 24:267–275.
Binford, L. R., 1976, Forty-Seven Trips: A Case Study in the Character of Some Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record, in: The Interior Peoples of Northern Alaska (E. S. Hall, Jr., ed.), National Museum of Man, Mercury Series, 49, Ottawa, pp. 299-381.
Binford, L. R., 1981a, Behavioral Archaeology and the Pompeii Premise, Journal of Anthropological Research 37:195–208.
Binford, L., 1981b, Bones. Ancient Men and Modern Myths, Academic Press, New York.
Brooks, R. L. 1979, Prehistoric Spot Finds, Localities, and Archaeological Context: A Cautionary Note from Kentucky, Tennessee Anthropologist 4:167–174.
Champion, S., 1980, A Dictionary of Terms and Techniques in Archaeology, Facts on File, New York.
Chang, K. C., 1967, Rethinking Archaeology, Random House, New York.
Clarke, D. L., 1968, Analytical Archaeology, Methuen, London.
Dancey, W. S., 1971, The Archaeological Survey: A Reorientation, Paper Presented at the 36th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Norman, Oklahoma.
Dawson, J. W., 1880, Fossil Men and Their Modem Representatives, Dawson Brothers, Montreal.
Dean, J. S., 1978, Independent Dating in Archaeological Analysis, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 1:223–255.
DeBloois, E. I., 1983, Managing Cultural Resources in the Highlands, in: High Altitude Adaptations in the Southwest (J. C. Winter, ed.), USDA Forest Service, Southwestern Region, Cultural Resources Management Report 2, Albuquerque, pp. 206-218.
Dewar, R. E., 1986, Discovering Settlement Systems of the Past in New England Site Distributions, Man in the Northeast 31:77–88.
Dewar, R. E., 1991, Dynamic Settlement Systems and Remnant Settlement Patterns, American Antiquity 56:604–620.
Doelle, W., 1975, Prehistoric Resource Exploitation Within the Conoco Florence Project, Archaeological Series No. 62, Arizona State Museum, Tempe.
Doelle, W., 1977, A Multiple Survey Strategy for Cultural Resource Management Studies, in: Conservation Archaeology: A Guide for Cultural Resource Management Studies (M. B. Schiffer and G. J. Gumerman, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 201–209.
Dunnell, R. C., 1971, Systematics in Prehistory, Free Press, New York.
Dunnell, R. C., 1982, Science, Social Science and Common Sense: The Agonizing Dilemma of Modern Archaeology, Journal of Anthropological Research 38:1–25.
Dunnell, R. C., 1984, The Ethics of Significance Decisions, in: Ethics and Values in Archaeology (E. L. Green, ed.), Free Press, New York, pp. 62–74.
Dunnell, R. C., 1985, The Interpretation of Low Density Archaeological Records from Plowed Surfaces, Paper Presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Denver.
Dunnell, R. C., 1986, Theoretical Issues in the Interpretation of Microartifacts, Paper Presented at the 51st Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans.
Dunnell, R. C., 1988, Low-Density Archaeological Records from Plowed Surfaces: Some Preliminary Considerations, American Archaeology 7:29–38.
Dunnell, R. C., and Dancey, W. S. 1983, The Siteless Survey: A Regional Scale Data Collection Strategy, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 6:267–287.
Dunnell, R. C., and Readhead, M. L., 1988, The Relation of Dating and Chronology: Comments on Chatters and Hoover (1986) and Butler and Stein (1988), Quaternary Research, 30:232–233.
Fagan, B. M., 1978, In the Beginning. An Introduction to Archaeology, 3rd ed., Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.
Fagan, B. M., 1981, In the Beginning. An Introduction to Archaeology, 4th ed., Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.
Fagan, B. M., 1987, In the Beginning. An Introduction to Archaeology, 6th ed., Little, Brown, and Co., Boston.
Flannery, K. V., 1967, Culture History Cultural Process: A Debate in American Archaeology, Scientific American 217:119–122.
Foley, R., 1981, Off-Site Archaeology and Human Adaptation in Eastern Africa, BAR International Series 97, Oxford.
Funkhouser, W. D., and Webb, W. S., 1932, Archaeological Survey of Kentucky, University of Kentucky Reports in Archaeology and Anthropology, 2, Lexington.
Gould, S. J., 1988, The Case of the Creeping Fox Terrier Clone, Natural History 1(1):16–24.
Grayson, D. K., 1983, The Establishment of Human Antiquity, Academic Press, New York.
Hanson, L. H., Dunnell, R. C., and Hardesty, D. L., 1964, The Slone Site, Pike County, Kentucky, National Park Service, Richmond.
Heizer, R. F., and Graham, J. A., 1967, A Guide to Field Methods in Archaeology: Approaches to the Anthropology of the Dead, rev. ed., National Press, Palo Alto.
Hester, J. J., 1976, Introduction to Archaeology, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
Hester, T. R., Heizer, R. F., and Graham, J. A., 1975, Field Methods in Archaeology, 6th ed., Mayfield, Palo Alto.
Hole, F., and Heizer, R. F., 1965, An Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
Hole, F., and Heizer, R. F., 1969, An Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology, 2nd ed., Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
Hole, F., and Heizer, R. F., 1973, An Introduction to Prehistoric Archaeology, 3rd ed., Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
Holmes, W. H., 1897, Stone Implements of the Potomac-Chesapeake Tidewater Province, in: Fifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. pp. 13–152.
Hoover, J., 1987, Postdepositional Alterations to Bottle Glass in a Plowed Field in Dunklin County, Missouri, Ms. in possession of author.
House, J. H., and Schiffer, M. B., 1975, Archaeological Survey in the Cache River Basin, in: The Cache River Archaeological Project: An Experiment in Contract Archaeology (assembled by M. B. Schiffer and J. H. House), Arkansas Archaeological Survey, Research Series, 8, Fayetteville, pp. 37-54.
Klinger, T. C., 1976, The Problem of Site Definition in Cultural Resource Management, Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings 30:54–56.
Luedtke, B. E., 1986, Flexible Tools for Constructing the Past, Man in the Northeast 31:89–98.
MacCord, H., 1988, Where Do You Draw the Line?, American Society for Conservation Archaeology, Report 15(1):6–15.
Madsen, M. E., and Dunnell, R. C., 1989, Role of Microartifacts in Deducing Land Use from Low Density Records in Plowed Surfaces, Paper Presented at the 54th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Atlanta.
May, R. V., 1988, Broadside from the West: Response to Howard MacCord, American Society for Conservation Archaeology Report 15(2):10–14.
McManamon, P., 1981, Parameter Estimation and Site Discovery in the Northeast, Contract Abstracts and CRM Archaeology 1:43–48.
Nance, J. D., 1980, Non-Site Sampling in the Lower Cumberland River Valley, Kentucky, Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology 5:169–191.
Nance, J. D., 1983, Regional Sampling in Archaeological Survey: The Statistical Perspective, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 6:289–356.
National Research Council, 1930, Guide Leaflet for Amateur Archaeologists, Reprint and Circular Series of the National Research Council, No. 93, Washington, D.C.
Peabody, C., and Moorehead, W. K., 1904, The Exploration of Jacobs Cavern, McDonald County, Missouri, Department of Archaeology, Bulletin 1, Phillips Academy, Andover.
Phillips, P., and Willey, G. R., 1953, Method and Theory in American Archaeology: An Operational Basis for Culture-Historical Integration, American Anthropologist 55:615–633.
Pinto, I. V., Schiffer, M. B., Smith, S., and Skibo, J. M., 1987, Effects of Temper on Ceramic Abrasion Resistance: A Preliminary Investigation, Archaeomaterials 1:119–134.
Plog, S., Plog, F., and Wait, W., 1978, Decision Making in Modern Surveys, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 1:383–421.
Quimby, G. I., 1979, A Brief History of WPA Archaeology, in: The Uses of Anthropology (W. Gold-schmidt, ed.), American Anthropological Association, Washington, D.C, pp. 110–123.
Ragir, S., 1967, A Review of Technologies for Archaeological Sampling, in: A Guide to Field Methods in Archaeology. Approaches to the Anthropology of the Dead (R. F. Heizer and J. A. Graham, eds.), National Press, Palo Alto, pp. 181–197.
Redman, C. L., 1973, Multistage Fieldwork and Analytic Techniques, American Antiquity 38:61–79.
Schiffer, M. B., 1972, Archaeological Context and Systemic Context, American Antiquity 37:156–165.
Schiffer, M. B., 1976, Behavioral Archaeology, Academic Press, New York.
Schiffer, M. B., 1983, Toward the Identification of Formation Processes, American Antiquity 48:675–706.
Schiffer, M. B., 1987, Formation Processes of the Archaeological Record, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.
Sharer, R. J., 1987, Archaeology: Discovering our Past, Mayfield, Palo Alto, CA.
Sharer, R. J., and Ashmore, W., 1979, Fundamentals of Archaeology, Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park.
Silverberg, R., 1968, Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archaeology of a Myth, New York Graphic Society, Greenwich.
Skinner, A., and Schrabisch, M., 1913, A Preliminary Report of the Archaeological Survey of the State of New Jersey, Geological Survey of New Jersey, Bulletin 9, Trenton.
Smith, H. I., 1910a, The Prehistoric Ethnology of a Kentucky Site, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. VI, Part II, New York.
Smith, H. I., 1910b, The Archaeology of the Yakima Valley, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. VI, Part I, New York.
Smith, J. W., 1976, Foundations of Archaeology, Glencoe Press, Beverly Hills.
Sober, E., 1980, Evolution, Population Thinking, and Essentialism, Philosophy of Science 47:350–383.
Spaulding, A. C., 1960, The Dimensions of Archaeology, in: Essays in the Science of Culture. Essays in Honor of Leslie White (G. E. Dole and R. L. Cameiro, eds.) T. Y. Crowell, New York, pp. 437–456.
Squire, E. G., and Davis, E. H., 1848, Ancient Monuments of the Mississippi Valley, Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, 1, Washington, D.C.
Stein, J. K., 1987, Deposits for Archaeologists, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 11:337–395.
Struever, S., 1971, Comments on Archaeological Data Requirements and Research Strategy, American Antiquity 36:9–19.
Sullivan, A. P., III, 1988, Current Issues in Regional Archaeology, in: Tools to Manage the Past: Research Priorities for Cultural Resource Management in the Southwest, (J. A. Tainter and R. H. Hamre, eds.), USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-164, Fort Collins, pp. 81-89.
Thomas, C., 1894, Report on the Mound Explorations of the Bureau of Ethnology, Twelfth Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, Washington, D.C, pp. 3-742.
Thomas, D. H., 1975, Nonsite Sampling in Archaeology: Up the Creek Without a Site? in: Archaeological Sampling (J. W. Meuller, ed.), University of Arizona Press, Tucson, pp. 61–81.
Thomas, P. A., 1986, Discerning Some Spatial Characteristics of Small, Short-Term, Single Occupation Sites: Implications for New England Archaeology, Man in the Northeast 31:99–121.
United States Code, 1977, Executive Order No. 11593, Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment, 1971, Title 16, Section 470 (36FR9821).
Van Bueren, T. M., 1990, Where Do We Draw The Line? Some Thoughts on the Use of the’ site’ Concept, Proceedings of the Society for California Archaeology 4:213–219.
Vance, E. D., 1988, The Role of Microartifacts in Spatial Analysis, Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Washington, Seattle.
Vescelius, G. S., 1960, Archaeological Sampling: A Problem in Statistical Inference, in: Essays in the Science of Culture. Essays in the Honor of Leslie A. White (G. F. Dole and R. L. Carneiro, eds.), T. Y. Crowell, New York, pp. 457–470.
Wandsnider, L. A., 1988, Cultural Resources “Catch-22” and Empirical Justification for Discovering and Documenting Low-Density Archaeological Surfaces, in: Tools to Manage the Past: Research for Cultural Resource Management in the Southwest (J. A. Tainter and R. H. Hamre, eds.), USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report RM-164, Fort Collins, Colorado, pp. 90–97.
Warren, R. E., 1982, Prehistoric Settlement Patterns, in: The Cannon Reservoir Human Ecology Project (M. J. O’Brien, R. E. Warren, and D. E. Lewarch, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 337–368.
Wildesen, L. E., 1982, The Study of Impacts on Archaeological Sites, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 5:51–96.
Wilke, S., and Thompson, G., 1977, Archaeological Survey of Western Kent County, Maryland, Maryland Historical Trust, Department of Economic and Community Development, Annapolis.
Willey, G. R., and Phillips, P., 1958, Method and Theory in American Archaeology, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Dunnell, R.C. (1992). The Notion Site. In: Rossignol, J., Wandsnider, L. (eds) Space, Time, and Archaeological Landscapes. Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2450-6_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2450-6_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4899-2452-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4899-2450-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive