Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Suki and Massry’s THERAPY OF RENAL DISEASES AND RELATED DISORDERS pp 513–527Cite as

Thrombotic Microangiopathy

  • Chapter

Abstract

The term thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) defines a lesion of vessel wall thickening (mainly arteriole or capillaries) with swelling and/or detachment of the endothelial cell from the basement membrane and accumulation of fluffy material in the subendothelial space. Both widening of the subendothelial space and intraluminal platelet thrombi lead to partial or complete obstruction of the vessel lumina. Erythrocytes forced into the narrowed vessels are disrupted by a mechanical trauma, and fragmented and distorted erythrocytes can thus be observed in the circulation. Fragmented erythrocytes are pathognomonic for the microangiopathic hemolytic anemia associated with thrombotic microangiopathy. The term thrombotic microangiopathy was first introduced in 1952 by William St. Clair Symmers to replace thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TIP) and has been employed in more recent time by nephrologists to indicate renal lesions of the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (1). It derives from the fact that the vascular lesions of HUS and TTP are virtually indistinguishable, a point recognized by Habib and coworkers in 1958 (2). Very similar lesions are found in scleroderma and malignant hypertension (3). Within the limits of the assumption that HUS and TTP are different clinical expression of the same disease—with renal failure predominating in young children and brain involvement in adults—the term thrombotic microangiopathy, as revived in 1979 by Ennio C. Rossi (4), is still the best term to encompass all these syndromes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Levy M, Gagnadoux MF, Habib R: Pathology of hemoliticuremic syndrome in children. In: G Remuzzi, G Mecca, G de Gaetano, eds, Hemostasis, Prostaglandins and Renal Disease. Raven Press, New York, pp 383–397, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Habib R, Mathieu H, Royer T: Maladie thrombotique artériolocapillaire du rein chez l’enfant. Rev Franc Etud Clin Biol 3: 891–894, 1958.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. D’Agati VD, Cannon PJ: Scleroderma (progressive systemic sclerosis). In: CC Tisher, BM Brenner, eds, Renal Pathology with Clinical and Functional Correlations. J.B. Lippincott Company, Philadelphia, p 994, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Rossi EC, Green D, Del Greco F: The use of inhibitors of platelet function in thrombotic microangiopathy. In: G Remuzzi, G Mecca, G De Gaetano, eds, Hemostasis, Prostaglandins, and Renal Disease. Raven Press, New York, p 413422, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  5. O’Brien AD, Lively TA, Chen ME, Rothman S, Formal FB: Escherichia coli 0157:H7 strains associated with haemorrhagic colitis in the United States produce a Shigella dysenteriae. I. (Shiga) like cytotoxin. Lancet 1: 702, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. O’Brien AD, Holmes RK: Shiga and Shiga-like toxins. Microbiol Rev 51: 206–220, 1987.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Lingwood CA, Law H, Richardson S, Petric M, Brunton JL, De Grandis S, Karmali M: Glycolipid binding of purified and recombinant Escherichia coli produced verotoxin in vitro. J Biol Chem 262: 8834–8839, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Lindberg AA, Brown JE, Stronberg N, Westling-Ryd M, Schultz JE, Karlsson K-A: Identification of the carbohydrate receptor for Shiga toxin produced by Shigella dysenteriae type 1. J Biol Chem 262: 1779–1785, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Waddell T, Head S, Petric M, Cohen A, Lingwood C: Globotriosyl ceramide is specifically recognized by the Escherichia coli verocytotoxin 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 152: 674–679, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Obrig TG, Del Vecchio PJ, Karmali MA, Petric M, Moran TP, Judge TK: Pathogenesis of haemolytic uraemic syndrome (letter). Lancet 2: 687, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Kavi J, Chant I, Maris M, Rose PE: Cytopathic effect of verotoxin on endothelial cells (letter). Lancet 2: 1035, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Karch H, Bitzan M, Pietsch R, Stenger KO, von Wulffen H, Heesemann J, Dusing R: Purified verotoxins of Escherichia coli 0157:H7 decrease prostacyclin synthesis by endothelial cells. Microb Pathogen 5: 215–221, 1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Boyd B, Lingwood C: Verotoxin receptor glycolipid in human renal tissue. Nephron 51: 207–210, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Richardson SE, Jagadha V, Smith CR, Becker LE, Petrie M, Karmali MA: Pathological effects on injected H.30 verotoxin (VT) in rabbits (abstract). Annual Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology, Atlanta, 1–6 March, p 42, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Zoja C, Corna D, Farina C, Sacchi G, Lingwood C, Doyle MP, Padhye VV, Abbate M, Remuzzi G: Verotoxin glycolipid receptors determines the localization of microangiopashic process in rabbits challenged with Verotoxin-1. J Lab Clin Med 120: 229–238, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Harrell RN, Sibley R, Vogelzang NJ: Renal vascular lesions after chemotherapy with vinblastine, bleomycin and cisplatin. Am J Med 73: 429–433, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Byrnes JJ, Baquerizo H, Gonzales M, Hensely GT: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura subsequent to acute myelogenous leukemia chemotherapy. Am J Hematol 21: 299–304, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Duperray A, Tranqui L, Alix JL, Manoeuvrier M, Cordonnier D: Effect of mytomycin C on the biosynthesis of prostacyclin by primary cultures of human umbilical cord vein endothelial cell (abstract). Kidney Int 25: 730, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Cattell V: Mitomycin-induced hemolytic uremic kidney. An experimental model in the rat. Am J Pathol 121: 88–95, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Brown CB, Clarkson AR, Robson JS, Cameron JS, Thomson P, Ogg CS: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome in women taking oral contraceptives. Lancet 1: 1479–1481, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Boyd WN, Burden RP, Aber GM: Intrarenal vascular changes in patients receiving oestrogen-containing compounds-a clinical, histological and angiographie study. Q J Med 44: 415–431, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Morel-Maroger L: Adult hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Kidney Int 18: 125–134, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Morel-Maroger L, Kanfer A, Solez K, Sraer JD, Richet G: Prognostic importance of vascular lesions in acute renal failure with microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (hemolytic uremic syndrome): clinicopathologic study in 20 adults. Kidney Int 15: 548–558, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ponticelli C, Rivolta E, Imbasciati E, Rossi E, Mannucci PM: Hemolytic uremic syndrome in adults. Arch Intern Med 140: 353–357, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Hoorntje SJ, Prins EJ, Smit AJ, Donker AJ: Reversal of long-lasting renal insufficiency by captopril in a patient with relapsing hemolytic uremic syndrome due to an oral contraceptive. Ann Intern Med 94: 355–357, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kaplan BS: An analysis of the association of the hemolytic uremic syndrome and the birth control pill. In: BS Kaplan, RS Trompeter, JL Moake, eds, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome and Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 227–239, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Leung YD, Moake JL, Havens PL, Kim ML, Pober J: Lytic anti-endothelial cell antibodies in haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. Lancet 2: 183–186, 1988.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Foster PA, Anderson JC: Effects of plasma from patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purura (TIP) on cultured human endothelial cells (abstract). Blood 54: 240a, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Sharma HM, Moore S, Merrick HW, Smith MR: Platelet in early hyperacute allograft rejection in kidneys and their modification by sulfinpyrazone (Anturan) therapy: an experimental study. Am J Pathol 66: 445–460, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Remuzzi G, Misiani R, Marchesi D, Livio M, Mecca G, de Gaetano G, Donati MB: Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome: deficiency of plasma factor(s) regulating prostacyclin activity? Lancet 2: 871–872, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Wu KK, Hall ER, Rossi EC, Papp AC: Serum prostacyclin binding defects in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. J Clin Invest 75: 168–174, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Casiraghi F, Benigni A, Noris M, Siegler R, Gaspari F, Remuzzi G: Renal prostacyclin biosynthesis is selectively reduced in children with hemolytic uremic syndrome (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 264, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Takenaka T, Forster H, Hashimoto Y, Epstein M: Diminished endothelial-dependent vasodilation in cyclosporinetreated rats (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 513, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Siegler RL, Christofferson RD, Edwin SS, Mitchell MD: Urinary cyclic GMP as a measure of endothelin derived relaxation factor (EDRF) in the hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 274, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Benigni A, Boccardo P, Noris M, Remuzzi G, Siegler RL: Urinary excretion of platelet-activating factor in haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 339: 835–836, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Ruggeri ZM, Mannucci PM, Lombardi R, Federici AM, Zimmerman TS: Multimeric composition of factor VIII/von Willebrand factor following administration of DDAVP: implications for pathophysiology and therapy of von Willebrand’s disease subtypes. Blood 59: 1272–1278, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Zucker MB, Broeckman MJ, Kaplan KL: Factor VIII-related antigen in human blood platelets: localization and release by thrombin and collagen. J Lab Clin Med 94: 675–682, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Moake JL, Rudy CK, Troll IH, Weinstein MJ, Colannino NM, Azocar J, Seder RH, Hong SL, Deykin D: Unusually large plasma factor VIII: von Willebrand factor multimers in chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 307: 1432–1435, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Kelton JG, Moore J, Santos A, Sheridan D: Detection of a platelet agglutinating factor in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 101: 589–592, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Moake JL, Byrnes JJ, Troll JH, Rudy CK, Weistein MJ, Colannino NM, Hong SL: Abnormal VIII: von Willebrand factor patterns in the plasma of patients with the hemolyticuremic syndrome. Blood 64: 592–598, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Rose PE, Enayat SM, Sunderland R, Short PE, Williams CE, Hill FGH: Abnormalities of factor VIII related protein multimers in the haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Arch Dis Child 59: 1135–1140, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Murphy WG, Moore JC, Kelton JC: Calcium-dependent cysteine protease activity in the sera of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 70: 1683–1687, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Falanga A, Consonni R, Ruggenenti P, Barbui T: A cathepsin-like cysteine proteinase proaggregating activity in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Br J Haematol 79: 474, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Federici AB, Elder JH, De Marco L, Ruggeri ZM, Zimmerman TS: Carbohydrate moiety of von Willebrand factor is not necessary for maintaining multimeric structure and ristocetin cofactor activity but protects from proteolytic degradation. J Clin Invest 74: 2049–2055, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hamilton KK, Fretto LS, Grierson DS, Mc Kee PA: Effects of plasmin on von Willebrand factor multimers. Degradation in vitro and stimulation of release in vivo. J Clin Invest 76: 261–270, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Kunicki TJ, Montgomery RR, Schullek J: Cleavage of human von Willebrand factor by platelet calcium-activated protease. Blood 65: 352–356, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Thompson EA, Howard MA: Proteolytic cleavage of human von Willebrand factor induced by enzyme(s) released from polymorphonuclear cells. Blood 67: 1281–1285, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Mannucci PM, Lombardi R, Lattuada A, Ruggenenti P, Viganò GL, Barbui T, Remuzzi G: Enhanced proteolysis of plasma von Willebrand factor in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Blood 74: 978–983, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Lian ECY, Harkness DR, Byrnes JJ, Wallach H, Nunez R: Presence of a platelet aggregating factor in the plasma of patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and its inhibition by normal plasma. Blood 53: 333338, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Monnens L, Van De Meer W, Langenhuysen C, et al.: Platelet aggregating factor in the epidemic form of hemolyticuremic syndrome in childhood. Clin Nephrol 24: 135–137, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lian ECY, Mui PTK, Siddiqui FA, Chiu AY, Chiu LL: Inhibition of platelet-aggregating activity in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura plasma by normal adult immunoglobulin G. J Clin Invest 73: 548–555, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Siddiqui FA, Lian ECY: Novel platelet-agglutinating protein from a thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura plasma. J Clin Invest 76: 1330–1337, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Lian ECY, Siddiqui FA: Binding of platelet agglutinating protein p37 from the plasma of a patient with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura to human platelets. Thromb Haemost 65: 96–101, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Lian ECY, Siddiqui FA, Jamieson GA, Tandon NN: Platelet agglutinating protein p37 causes platelet agglutination through its binding to membrane Glycoprotein IV. Thromb Haemost 65: 102–106, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Asch AS, Barnwell J, Silverstein RL, Nachman RL: Isolation of the thrombospondin membrane receptor. J Clin Invest 79: 1054–1061, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Lian ECY, Siddiqui FA: Investigation of the role of von Willebrand factor in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 66: 1219–1221, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Moake JL: Von Willebrand factor in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Blood 67: 1523–1526, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Kincaid-Smith P: Participation of intravascular coagulation in the pathogenesis of glomerular and vascular lesions. Kidney Int 7: 242–253, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Segonds A, Louradour N, Suc JM, Orfila C: Postpartum hemolytic uremic syndrome: a study of three cases with a review of the literature. Clin Nephrol 12: 229–242, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Koitabashi Y, Rosenberg BF, Shapiro H, Bernstein J: Mesangiolysis: an important glomerular lesion in thrombotic microangiopathy. Mod Pathol 4: 161–166, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Morita T, Churg J: Mesangiolysis. Kidney Int 24: 1–9, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Proia AD, Harden EA, Silberman HR: Mitomycin-induced hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 108: 959962, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Pirani CL: Coagulation and renal disease. In: T Bertani, G Remuzzi, eds, Glomerular Injury 300 Years After Morgagni. Wichtig, Milano, p 119–138, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Kennedy SS, Zacharski LR, Beck JR: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: analysis of 48 unelected cases. Semin Thromb Hemost 6: 341–349, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Walters MDS, Matthei IU, Kay R, Dillon MJ, Barratt TM: The polymorphonuclear leukocyte count in childhood haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Pediatr Nephrol 3: 130–134, 1989.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Gully PR: Haemolytic-uraemic syndrome: epidemiology and report of an outbreak. J Royal Soc Health 104: 214–217, 1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Ray CG, Tucker VL, Harris DJ, Cuppage FE, Chin TDY: Enteroviruses associated with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatrics 46: 378–388, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Van Wieringen PM, Monnens LAH, Schretlen ED: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Epidemiological and clinical study. Arch Dis Child 49: 432–437, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Larke RPB, Preiksaitis JK, Devine RDO: Hemolyticuremic syndrome: clustering of ten cases and association with multiple viral infections. Can Dis Weekly Rep 4: 2–7, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  70. O’Regan S, Chesney RW, Mongeau JG, Robitaille P: Aspirin and dipyridamole therapy in the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Pediatr 97: 473–476, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Ray LC, Tucker VL, Harris DJ, Cuppage FE, Chin TDY: Enteroviruses associated with the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Pediatrics 46: 378–388, 1970.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Klein PJ, Bulla M, Newman RA, Muller B, Uhlembruck G, Schaefer HE, Kruger G, Fisher R: Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen in haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Lancet 2: 1024 1025, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Puspok R, Graniger W: T antigen and its relation to hemolytic uremic syndrome. In: GM Berlyne, S Giovannetti, eds, Contributions to Nephrology. Karger, Basel p 35, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Koster F, Levin J, Walker L, Tung KSK, Gilman RM, Rahaman MM, Najid MA, Islam S, Williams RC Jr: Hemolytic uremic syndrome after shigellosis: relation to endotoxemia and circulating immune complexes. N Engl J Med 298: 927–933, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Karmali MA, Petric M, Lim C, Fleming PC, Arbus GS, Lior H: The association between idiopathic hemolytic uremic syndrome and infection by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli. J Infect Dis 151: 775–782, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Neill MA, Agosti J, Rosen H: Hemorrhagic colitis with Escherichia coli 0157:H7 preceding adult hemolytic uremic syndrome. Arch Intern Med 145: 2215–2217, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kaplan BS, Remuzzi G: The haemolytic uraemic syndrome. In: G Remuzzi, EC Rossi, eds, Haemostasis and the Kidney. Butterworths, London, p 201–236, 1991.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Trompeter RS, Schwartz R, Chantier C, Dillon MJ, Haycock GB, Kay R, Barratt TM: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome: an analysis of prognostic features. Arch Dis Child 58: 101–105, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaplan BS, Katz J, Krawitz S, Lurie AL: An analysis of the results of therapy in 67 cases of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Pediatr 78: 420–425, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Ray CG, Portman JN, Stamm SJ, Hickman RO: Hemolyticuremic syndrome and myocarditis. Association with coxsackievirus B infection. Am J Dis Child 122: 418–420, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Gianantonio CA: Extrarenal manifestations of the hemolytic uremic syndrome. In: J Strauss, ed, Acute Renal Disorders and Renal Emergencies. Martinus Nijhoff, Boston, p 43, 1984.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  82. Andreoli SP, Bergstein JM: Acute rhabdomyolisis associated with hemolytic-uremic syndrome. J Pediatr 103: 78–80, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Burns JC, Berman ER, Fagre JL, Snikes RH, Lum GH: Pancreatic islet cell necrosis: association with hemolyticuremic syndrome. J Pediatr 100: 582–584, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Andreoli SP, Bergstein JM: Development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus during the hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Pediatr 100: 541–545, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Gianantonio CA, Vitacco M, Mendilaharzu F, et al.: The hemolytic-uremic syndrome. In: Proceedings of the Third International Congress of Nephrology, Washington, DC, p 24, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Kaplan BS, Thomson PD, de Chadarevian JP: The hemolytic uremic syndrome. Pediatr Clin North Am 23: 761–777, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Levin M, Barrat TM: Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Arch Dis Child 59: 397–400, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kaplan BS: Hemolytic uremic syndrome with recurrent episodes: an important subset. Clin Nephrol 8: 495–598, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Rasoulpour M, Leichtner A, San Jorge M, Hyams J: Cerebral vascular accident during the recovery phase of the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Int J Pediatr Nephrol 6: 287–288, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Kahn SI, Tolkan SR, Kothari Q, Garella S: Spontaneous recovery of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome with prolonged renal and neurological manifestations. Nephron 32: 188–191, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Linton AL, Gavras H, Gledale RI, Hutchinson HE, Lawson DH, Lever AF, MacAdam RF, McNicol GP, Robertson JI: Microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and the pathogenesis of malignant hypertension. Lancet 2: 1277–1282, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  92. Schieppati A, Ruggenenti P, Plata Cornejo R, Ferrario F, Gregorini G, Zucchelli P, Rossi E, Remuzzi G, for the Italian Registry of Haemolytic Uremic Syndrome: Renal function at hospital admission as a prognostic factor in adult hemolytic uremic syndrome. J Am Soc Nephrol 2: 1640–1644, 1992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Lindheimer MD, Katz AI: Preeclampsia: pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management. Annu Rev Med 402: 233–250, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Gaber LW, Spargo BH, Lindheimer MD: Renal pathology in pre-eclampsia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1: 971–975, 1987.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Killam AP, Dillard SH, Patton RC, Pederson PR: Pregnancy induced hypertension complicated by acute liver disease and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Five case reports. Am J Obstet Gynecol 123: 823–828, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Weinstein L: Syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count: a severe consequence of hypertension in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142: 159–167, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Scheean HL, Lynch JP: Pathology of Toxaemia of Pregnancy. William & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Hogewind BL, de la Riviere GB, Van Es LA, VeltKamp JJ: Familial occurrence of the haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Acta Med Scand 207: 73–77, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Grunfeld JP, Ganeval D, Bournerias F: Acute renal failure in pregnancy. Kidney Int 18: 179–191, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Schoolwerth AC, Sandler RS, Klahr S, Kissane JM: Nephrosclerosis postpartum and in women taking oral contraceptives. Arch Intern Med 136: 178–185, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Tobon H: Malignant hypertension, uremia and hemolytic anemia in a patient on oral contraceptives. Obstet Gynecol 40: 681–685, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Cantrell JE Jr, Phillips TM, Schein PS: Carcinoma associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome: a complication of mitomycin-C chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 3: 723–734, 1985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Hamner RW, Verani R, Weinman EJ: Mitomycin-associated renal failure: case report and review. Arch Intern Med 143: 803–807, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Rabadi SJ, Khandekar JD, Miller HJ: Mitomycin-induced hemolytic-uremic syndrome: case presentation and review of literature. Cancer Treat Rep 66: 1244–1247, 1982.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Jackson AM, Rose BD, Graff LG, Schwartz JH, Strauss GM, Yang JP, Rudnick MR, Elfenbein IB, Narins RG: Thrombotic microangiopathy and renal failure associated with antineoplastic chemotherapy. Ann Intern Med 101: 4144, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  106. Lesesne JB, Rothschild N, Erickson B, Korec S, Sisk R, Keller J, Arbus M, Woolley PV, Chiazze L, Schein PS, Neefe JR: Cancer-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome: analysis of 85 cases from a national registry. J Clin Oncol 7: 781–789, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Fielding JW, Fagg SL, Jones BG, Ellies D, Hockey MS, Minawa A, Brookes VS, Craven JL, Mason MC, Timothy A, Waterhouse JA, Wrigley PF: An interim report of a prospective, randomized, controlled study of adjuvant chemotherapy in operable gastric cancer: British Stomach Cancer group. World J Surg 7: 390–399, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Korec S, Schein PS, Smith FP: Treatment of cancer-associated hemolytic-uremic syndrome with staphylococcal protein A immunoperfusion. J Clin Oncol 4: 210–215, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Mittelman A, Puccio C, Ahmed T, Arlin Z, Wuest D, Ciavarella D, Seawell BW, Snyder HW Jr: Response of refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura to extracorporeal immunoadsorption. N Engl J Med 326: 711–712, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Krauss S, Sonoda T, Soloman A: Treatment of advanced gastrointestinal cancer with 5-fluorouracil and mitomycin-C. Cancer 43: 1598–1603, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Shulman H, Striker G, Deeg HJ, Kennedy M, Storb R, Thomas ED: Nephrotoxicity of cyclosporin A after allogeneic marrow transplantation: glomerular thromboses and tubular injury. N Engl J Med 305: 1392–1395, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Moody H, Matz L, Hurst P: Vascular lesions as manifestations of cyclosporin nephrotoxicity. Lancet 1: 1221–1222, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Powles RL, Clink HM, Spence D, et al.: Cyclosporin A to prevent graft-versus-host disease in man after allogeneic bone-marrow transplantation. Lancet 1: 327, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Sommer BG, Henry ML, Ferguson RM: Obliterative renal arteriolopathy following cyclosporine therapy. Transplant Proc 18: 1285, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Bonser RS, Adu D, Franklin I, McMaster P: Cyclosporininduced haemolitic uraemic syndrome in liver allograft recipient. Lancet 2: 1337, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Van Buren D, Van Buren CT, Flechner SM, Maddox AM, Verani R, Kahan BD: De novo hemolytic uremic syndrome in renal transplant recipients immunosuppressed with cyclosporin. Surgery 98: 54–62, 1985.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Walfe JA, McCann RL, San Filippo F: Cyclosporin associated microangiopathy in renal transplantation: a severe but potentially reversible form of early graft injury. Transplantation 41: 541–544, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Verpooten GA, Paulus GJ, Roels F, De Broe ME: De novo occurrence of hemolytic-uremic syndrome in cyclosporinetreated renal allograft patient. Transplant Proc 19: 2943–2945, 1987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Giroux L, Smeesters C, Corman J, Paquin F, Allaire G, St Louis G, Daloze P: Hemolytic uremic syndrome in renal allografted patients treated with cyclosporin. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 65: 1125–1131, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Leithner C, Sinzinger H, Pohanka E, et al.: Recurrence of haemolytic uraemic syndrome triggered by cyclosporin A after renal transplantation. Lancet 1: 1470, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Bukowski RM: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a review. In: TH Spaet, ed, Progress in Hemostasis and Thrombosis. Grune & Stratton, New York, p 287, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Morrison DM, Tyrrel DL, Jewell LD: Colonic biopsy in verotoxin-induced hemorrhagic colitis. Am J Clin Pathol 86: 108–112, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Windier F, Weh HJ, Hossfeld DK, Franz HR, Karch H, Heesemann J, Laufs R: Verotoxin in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (letter). Eur J Haematol 42: 103, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Amorosi EL, Ultmann JE: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: report of 16 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 45: 139–159, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  125. O’Brien JL, Sibley WA: Neurologic manifestations of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Neurology 8: 55–63, 1958.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  126. Eknoyan G, Riggs SA: Renal involvement in patients with thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Nephrol 6: 117131, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Moschcowitz E: Acute febrile pleiochromic anemia with hyaline thrombosis of terminal arterioles and capillaries: an undescribed disease. Arch Intern Med 36: 89–93, 1925.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  128. Baehr G, Klemperer P, Schifrin A: An acute febrile anemia and thrombocytopenic purpura with diffuse platelet thromboses of capillaries and arterioles. Tran Assoc Am Physicians 51: 43–58, 1936.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Dekker A, O’brien ME, Cammarata RJ: The association of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Med Sci 267: 243–249, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Laszlo MH, Alvarez A, Feldman F: The association of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and disseminated lupus erythematosus: report of a case. Ann Intern Med 42: 1308–1320, 1955.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Levine S, Shearn MA: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Intern Med 113: 826–836, 1964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Rothfield NF: Systemic lupus erythematosus. In: DJ McCarey, ed, Arthritis and Allied Conditions. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, p 706, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Steinberg AD, Green WT, Talai N: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura complicating Sjogrcn’s syndrome. JAM 215: 757–761, 1971.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Morey DA, Withe JB, Daily WM: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura diagnosed by random lymph node biopsy. Arch Intern Med 98: 821–823, 1956.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Benitez L, Mathews M, Mallory GK: Platelet thrombosis with polyarteritis nodosa: report of a case. Arch Pathol 77: 116–125, 1964.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Shumway CN Jr, Miller G: An unusual syndrome of hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura and renal disease. Blood 12: 1045–1060, 1957.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. MacWhinney JB, Packer JT, Miller G: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. Blood 19: 181, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Mettler NE: Isolation of a microtatobiotie from patients with hemolytic-uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and from mites in the United States. N Engl J Med 281: 1023–1027, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Rossi EC: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a disseminate form of thrombotic microangiopathy. In: G Remuzzi, EC Rossi, eds, Haemostasis and the Kidney. Butterworths, London, p 237, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Wyatt RJ, Jones D, Stapleton FB, Roy S III, Odom TW, Mc Lean RH: Recurrent hemolytic-uremic syndrome with the hypomorphic fast allele of the third component of complement. J Pediatr 107: 564–566, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Ruggenenti P, Remuzzi G, Rossi EC: Epidemiology of the hemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 324: 1065–1066, 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Kaplan BS, Chesney RW, Drummond KN: Hemolytic uremic syndrome in families. N Engl J Med 292: 1090–1093, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Karlsberg RP, Lacher JW, Bartecchi CE: Adult hemolyticuremic syndrome familial variant. Arch Intern Med 137: 1155 1157, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  144. Belobradkova J: The hemolytic uremic syndrome in sibs. Sb Ved Pr Lek Fak Univ Karlovy 20 (Suppl): 445, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Edelsten AD, Tuck S: Familial haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Arch Dis Child 53: 255–256, 1978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Hagge WW, Holley KE, Burke EC, Strikler GB: Hemolytic uremic syndrome in two siblings. N Engl J Med 277: 138–139, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Hellman RM, Jackson DV, Buss DH: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome in HLA-identical siblings. Ann Intern Med 93: 283–284, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Tune BM, Groshong T, Plumer L, Mendoza SA: The hemolytic uremic syndrome in siblings: a prospective survey. J Pediatr 85: 682–683, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Feest TG, Hamilton W, Imong S: Severe ocular and pulmonary manifestations of familial haemolytic uraemic syndrome: Possible benefit of bilateral nephrectomy. Proceedings of the XXIIIrd Congress of EDTA-ERABudapest, June 29-July 3, p 26, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Leithner C, Schwarz M, Sinzinger H, Ulrich W: Limited value of 111-indium platelet scintigraphy in renal transplant patients receiving cyclosporine. Clin Nephrol 25: 141–148, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Byrnes JJ, Khurana M: Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with plasma. N Engl J Med 297: 1386–1389, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Misiani R, Appiani AC, Edefonti A, Gotti E, Bettinelli A, Giani M, Rossi E, Remuzzi G, Mecca G: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome: therapeutic effect of plasma infusion. Br Med J 285: 1304–1306, 1982.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Bell WR, Braine HG, Ness PM, Kickler TS: Improved survival in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Clinical experience in 108 patients. N Engl J Med 325: 398–403, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Rock GA, Shumak KH, Buskard NA, Blanchette VS, Kelton JG, Nair RC, Spasoff RA, Canadian Study Group: Comparison of plasma exchange with plasma infusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. N Engl J Med 325: 393–397, 1991.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Onundarson PT, Rowe JM, Heal JM, Francis CW: Response to plasma exchange and splenectomy in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. A 10-year experience at a single institution. Arch Intern Med 152: 791–796, 1992.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Rizzoni G, Pavanello M, Claris-Appiani A, Edefonti A, Facchin P, Franchini F, Gusmano R, Imbasciati E, Perfumo F, Remuzzi G: Treatment of children with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) with plasma: a multicenter controlled trial (abstract). Hell, Paediatr Acta 41: 114, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Byrnes JJ, Moake JL, Klug P, Penman P: Effectiveness of the cryosupernatant fraction of plasma in the treatment of refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 34: 169–174, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Ridolfi RL, Bell WR: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Report of 25 cases and review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 60: 413–428, 1981.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Peterson J, Amare M, Henry J, Bone RC: Splenectomy and antiplatelet agents in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Med Sci 277: 75–80, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Burke HA, Hartmann RC: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Two patients with remission associated with the use of large amounts of steroids. Arch Intern Med 103: 105–112, 1959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  161. Levin H, Alfrey CP: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: temporary remission induced by prednisone. Texas Med 62: 72–75, 1966.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Moake JL, Rudy CK, Troll JH, Shafer AI, Weinstein MJ, Colannino NM, Hong SL: Therapy of chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with prednisone and azathioprine. Am J Hematol 20: 73–79, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Abramson N: Treatment for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: plasma vincristine, hemodialysis and exchange transfusion. N Engl J Med 298: 971–972, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  164. Sennett ML, Conrad ME: Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Plasmapheresis, plasma transfusion and vincristine. Arch Intern Med 146: 266–267, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Gutterman LA, Stevenson TD: Treatment of thrombocytopenic purpura with vincristine. JAMA 247: 1433–1436, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Wong P, Itoh K, Yoshida S: Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with intravenous gamma globulin. N Engl J Med 314: 385–386, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Viero P, Cortelazzo S, Buelli M, Comotti B, Minetti B, Barbui T: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and high-dose immunoglobulin therapy (letter). Ann Intern Med 104: 282, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Gilcher RO, Goldman SN: Refractory TTP responding to IV gamma globulin. Blood 64: 237a - 2370, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Messmore HL, Yeshwant C, Remlinger K, Seghatchian MJ: Intravenous gamma globulin in refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). Thromb Haemost 54: 127, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Finn NG, Wang JC, Hong KJ: High-dose intravenous Gimmunoglobulin infusion in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Arch Intern Med 147: 2165–2167, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Chin D, Chyczij H, Etches W, Gordon P, King EG: Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with intravenous gamma globulin. Transfusion 27: 115–116, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Sheth KJ, Gill JC, Leichte HE: Randomized double blind controlled study of intravenous gamma globulin (IVGG) infusions in hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (abstract). J Am Soc Nephrol 1: 342, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Berkman SA, Lee ML, Gale RP: Clinical uses of intravenous immunoglobulins. Ann Intern Med 112: 278–292, 1990.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Cross AS, Siegel G, Byrne WR, Trautman M, Finblom DS: Intravenous immune globulin impairs anti-bacterial defences of a cyclophosphamide-treated host. Clin Exp Immunol 76: 159–164, 1989.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Cross AS, Alving BM, Sodoff JC, Baldwin P, Terebelo H, Tang D: Intravenous immune globulin: a cautionary note. Lancet 1: 912, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Rowe JM, Francis CW, Cyran EM, Marder VJ: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: recovery after splenectomy associated with persistence of abnormally large von Willebrand factor multimers. Am J Hematol 20: 161–168, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Cuttner J: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: a ten-year experience. Blood 56: 302–306, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Liu ET, Linker CA, Shuman MA: Management of treatment failures in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Am J Hematol 23: 347–361, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Raniele DP, Opsahl JA, Kjellstrand CM: Should intravenous immunoglobulin be first-line treatment for acute thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura? Case report and review of the literature. Am J Kidney Dis 18: 264–268, 1991.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Giromini M, Bouvier CA, Dami R, Denizot M, Jeannett M: Effect of dipyridamole and aspirin in thrombotic microangiopathy. Br Med J 1: 545–546, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Amir J, Krauss S: Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with antiplatelet drugs. Br Med J 1: 27–33, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Rossi EC, Redondo D, Borges WH: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Survival following treatment with aspirin, dipyridamole and prednisone. JAMA 228: 1141 1143, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Amorosi EL, Karpatkin S: Antiplatelet treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 86: 102–106, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Eckel RH, Crowell EB, Waterhouse BE, Bozdech MJ: Platelet-latelet-. Arch Intern Med 137: 735–737, 1977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Gundlach WJ, Tarnasky R: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura—remission following treatment with aspirin and dipyridamole. Minn Med 60: 20–21, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Birgens H, Ernst P, Hansen MS: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: treatment with a combination of anti-platelet drugs. Acta Med Scand 205: 437–439, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Marmont AM, Damasio E, Ross E, et al.: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura successfully treated with a combination of dipyridamole and aspirin. Haematologica 65: 222, 1980.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Rosove MH, Ho WG, Goldfinger F: Ineffectiveness of aspirin and dipyridamole in the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Ann Intern Med 96: 27–33, 1982.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. FitzGerald GA, Brash AR, Falardeau P, Oates JA: Estimated rate of prostacyclin secretion into the circulation of normal man. J Clin Invest 68: 1272–1276, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. FitzGerald DJ, Fitzgerald GA: Eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In: GH Laragh, BM Brenner, eds, Hypertension: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. Raven Press, New York, p 1789, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Hensby CN, Lewis PJ, Hilgard P, Mufti GJ, Hows J, Webster J: Prostacyclin deficiency in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 2: 748, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Budd GT, Bukowsky RM, Lucas FV, Cato AE, Cocchetto DM: Prostacyclin therapy of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Lancet 2: 915, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Cocchetto DM, Cook L, Cato AE, Niedel JM: Rationale and proposal for use of prostacyclin in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura therapy. Semin Thromb Hemost 7: 4351, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  194. Johnson JE, Mills GM, Batson AG, Cato AE, Thornsvard CT: Ineffective epoprostenol therapy for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. DAMA 250: 3089–3091, 1983.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Payton CD, Belch JJ, Jones JM: Successful treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura by epoprostenol infusion. Lancet 1: 927–928, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Guelpa G, Trono D, Audetat F, Hochstrasser D: Purpura thrombotique thrombocytopénique traité par la prostacycline. Schweiz Med Wschr 116: 647–651, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Proesmans W, Ki Muaka B, Van Damme B, Eickels R: The use of heparin in childhood hemolytic uremic syndrome. In: G Remuzzi, G Mecca, G De Gaetano, eds, Hemostasis, Prostaglandins and Renal Disease. Raven Press, New York, p 407–411, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Ponticelli C, Imbasciati E, Rivolta E: Long-term follow-up of postpartum hemolytic uremic syndrome treated with heparin and antiplatelet agents. In: G Remuzzi, G Mecca, G De

    Google Scholar 

  199. Gaetano, eds, Hemostasis, Prostaglandins and Renal Disease Raven Press, New York, p 433–441, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Powell HR, McCredie DA, Taylor CM, Burke JR, Walker RG: Vitamin E treatment of haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Arch Dis Child 59: 401–404, 1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Habib R, Gagnadoux MF, Broyer M: Hemolytic uremic syndrome in children and arterial hypertension. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 74: 37–43, 1981.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  202. Cerilli GJ, Nelsen C, Dorfmann L: Renal homo-transplantation in infants and children with the hemolytic uremic syndrome. Surgery 71: 66–71, 1972.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Folman R, Arbus GS, Churchill B, Gaum L, Huber J: Recurrence of the hemolytic uremic syndrome in a 3 z years-old child, 4 months after second renal transplantation. Clin Nephrol 10: 121–127, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Hebert D, Sibley RK, Mauer SM: Recurrence of hemolytic uremic syndrome in renal transplant recipients. Kidney Int 30: S51 - S58, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Pirson Y, Leckercq B, Squifflet JP, Alezandre GPJ, Van Ypersele de Strihou C: Good prognosis of the hemolytic uremic syndrome after renal transplantation (abstract). Proceedings of the XXIIIrd Congress of EDTA-ERA, Budapest, June 29-July 3, p 197, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Gagnadoux MF, Broyer M, Habib R: Renal transplantation in hemolytic-uremic syndrome. Report of 31 cases (abstract). Proceedings of the VIII Congress of the International Pediatric Nephrology Association, Toronto, August 27-September 1, 1989.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Ospedali Riuniti de Bergamo, 24125, Bergamo, Italy

    Piero Ruggenenti M.D. & Giuseppe Remuzzi M.D.

Authors
  1. Piero Ruggenenti M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Giuseppe Remuzzi M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Wadi N. Suki M.D. Shaul G. Massry M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ruggenenti, P., Remuzzi, G. (1998). Thrombotic Microangiopathy. In: Suki, W.N., Massry, S.G. (eds) Suki and Massry’s THERAPY OF RENAL DISEASES AND RELATED DISORDERS. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6632-5_31

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-6632-5_31

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4757-6634-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-6632-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation