Abstract
It has taken some considerable time for acupuncture to gain any form of respectability within western medicine. Indeed there is still some resistance from many quarters where acupuncture is still viewed with a large dose of scepticism. Not least is the problem that many of the concepts inherent within traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) do not translate well into western scientific thinking 1. It seems churlish however to discount this modality because of an inability to either grasp its basic tenets or due to perhaps an inadequacy of western science to adequately measure the forces that TCM maintains exists. It must be remembered that TCM has evolved within a framework of pure observation of cause and effect and has anecdotally been shown to be effective over millennia. Adherents may maintain that the inability to provide ‘proof’ does not diminish its usefulness as an effective treatment. It is perhaps this very attitude, which relies on anecdotal evidence rather than scientific evidence, which has alienated many in the western medical profession2. The idea that acupuncture is simply ‘mumbo jumbo’ is however gradually subsiding within the west. This is occurring in the wake of ongoing scientific investigation and credible hypotheses as to its mechanism as well as the emergence of guidelines designed to assist with the design and reporting of trials, both in general and specifically for acupuncture3–5.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Salzberg C, Miller A, Johnson LK. Acupuncture: history, clinical uses, and proposed physiology. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America 1995; 6:905–16.
Lynn J. Using complementary therapies: acupuncture. Professional Nurse 1996; 11:722–4.
White A, Filshie J, Cummings M. Clinical trials of acupuncture: consensus recommendations for optimal treatment, sham controls and blinding. Complement Ther.Med 2001; 9:237–45.
Moher D, Schulz K, Altman G. The CONSORT statement: revised recommendations for improving the quality of reports of parallel group randomised trials. The Lancet 2001; 357:1191–4.
MacPherson H, White A, Cummings M, Jobst K, Rose K, Niemtzow R. Standards for reporting interventions in controlled trials of acupuncture: The STRICTA recommendations. Acupuncture in Medicine 2002; 20:22–5.
Barnes J, Abbot NC, Harkness EF, Ernst E. Articles on complementary medicine in the mainstream medical literature: an investigation of MEDLINE, 1966 through 1996. Arch Intern.Med 1999; 159:1721–5.
Araujo M. Does the Choice of Placebo Determine the Results of Clinical Studies on Acupuncture. Research in Complementary Medicine 1998; 5:8–11.
Newham DJ. Methodological perspectives. Disabil. Rehabil 1999; 21:134–6.
Kiene H. A Critique of the Double-Blind Clinical Trial-Part 1. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine 1996; 2:74–80.
Gaus W, Hogel J. Studies on the efficacy of unconventional therapies. Problems and designs. Arzneimittel Forschung/Drug Research 1995; 45:88–92.
Margolin A, Avants SK, Kleber HD. Investigating alternative medicine therapies in randomized controlled trials. JAMA 1998; 280:1626–8.
Patel MS. Problems in the evaluation of alternative medicine. Soc.Sci.Med. 1987; 25:669–78.
White, P. A study for the efficacy of a western acupuncture protocol for the treatment of chronic mechanical neck pain. 2002. University of Southampton. Ref Type: Thesis/Dissertation.
Lewith GT. Can we assess the effects of acupuncture? [editorial]. BrMed.J.Clin.Res.Ed 1984; 288:1475–6.
Harden RN. The pitfalls of clinical acupuncture research: can east satisfy west? Arthritis Care and Research 1994; 7:115–7.
Zaslawski C, Rogers C, Garvey M, Ryan D, Yang CX, Zhang SP. Strategies to maintain the credibility of sham acupuncture used as a control treatment in clinical trials [see comments]. J.Altern.Complement Med. 1997; 3:257–66.
Ernst E, White AR. A review of problems in clinical acupuncture research. Am.J.Chin Med. 1997; 25:3–11.
Godfrey C, Morgan P. A controlled trial of the theory of acupuncture in musculoskeletal pain. J. Rheumatology 1978; 5:121–4.
Le Bars D, Villanueva L, Willer J, Bouhassira D. Diffuse Noxious Inhibitory Controls (DNIC) in Animals and Man. Acupuncture in Medicine 1991; 9:47–56.
Lewith GT, Machin D. On the evaluation of the clinical effects of acupuncture. Pain 1983; 16:111–27.
Ernst E. Is acupuncture effective for pain control? [letter]. J.Pain Symptom.Manage. 1994; 9:72–4.
Lewith G, Vincent C. Evaluation of the Clinical Effects of Acupuncture. A problem Reassessed and a Framework for Future Research. Pain Forum 1995; 4:29–39.
Birch S. Issues to consider in determining an adequate treatment in a clinical trial of acupuncture. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 1997; 5:8–12.
Birch S. Testing the clinical specificity of needle sites in controlled clinical trials of acupuncture. Proceedings of the second annual meeting, society for acupuncture research 1995; 274–94.
Hopwood V, Lovesey M, Mokone S. Acupuncture and Related Techniques in Physical Therapy. Churchill Livingstone, 1997.
White AR, Ernst E. A trial method for assessing the adequacy of acupuncture treatments. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 1998; 4:66–71.
Ezzo J, Berman BM, Hadhazy V, Jadad A, Lao L, Singh BB. Is acupuncture effective for the treatment of chronic pain? A systematic review. Pain 2000; 86:217–25.
Pomeranz B. Bruce Pomeranz, PHD. Acupuncture and the raison d’etre for alternative medicine [interview by Bonnie Horrigan]. Altern.Ther.Health Med. 1996; 2:85–91.
Thomas M. Acupuncture studies on pain. Acupuncture in Medicine 1997; 15:23–31.
Hammerschlag R. Methodological and ethical issues in clinical trials of acupuncture. J.Altern. Complement Med. 1998; 4:159–71.
Sherman K, Cherkin D, Hogeboom C. The diagnosis and treatment of patients with chronic low-back pain by traditional Chinese medical acupuncturists. J.Altern. Complement Med. 2001; 7:641–50.
Hammerschlag R, Morris MM. Clinical trials comparing acupuncture with biomedical standard care: a criteria-based evaluation of research design and reporting [corrected] [published erratum appears in COMPLEMENTARY THER MED 1997 Dec; 5(4): 253]. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 1997; 5:133–40.
Schulz K, Chalmers I, Hayes R, Altman D. Empirical Evidence of Bias. JAMA 1995; 273:408–12.
Peck C, Coleman G. Implications of Placebo Theory for Clinical Research and Practice in Pain Management. Theoretical Medicine 1991; 12:247–70.
Mackay M. Acupuncture and placebos [letter]. N.Z.Med.J. 1985; 98:606–7.
Walach H, Maidhof C. Is the Placebo Effect Dependent on Time? A Meta-Analysis. In Kirsch D, ed. How Expectancies Shape Experience, pp. 321–32. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 1999.
Kaptchuk TJ, Goldman P, Stone D, Stason W. Do medical devices have enhanced placebo effects? J.Clin.Epidemiol. 2000; 53:786–92.
de la Tone CS. The choice of control groups in invasive clinical trials such as acupuncture. Frontier Perspectives 1993; 3:33–7.
Engelbart JH, Kloppenburg GV. The treatment of pain by acupuncture. The riddle of acupuncture and the place of the acupuncturist in the pain-team. Acta Anaesthesiol.Belg. 1981; 32:33–43.
Stux G, Pomeranz B. Basics of acupuncture. Springer Verlag New York 1995.
Sims J. The mechanism of acupuncture analgesia: a review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 1997; 5:102–11.
Vincent C, Lewith G. Beijing to Belgrade-Making Sense of Acupuncture Research. APS Journal 1994; 3:89–91.
Vincent C, Lewith G. Placebo controls for acupuncture studies. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 1995; 88:199–202.
White AR, Eddleston C, Hardie R, Resch KL, Ernst E. A pilot study of acupuncture for tension headache, using a novel placebo. Acupuncture in Medicine 1996; 14:11–5.
Streitberger K, Kleinhenz J. Introducing a placebo needle into acupuncture research. Lancet 1998; 352:364–5.
Kaptchuk TJ. Placebo needle for acupuncture [letter]. Lancet 1998; 352:992.
Petrie J, Hazleman B. Credibility of placebo transcutaneous nerve stimulation and acupuncture. Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology. 1985; 3:151–3.
Wood R, Lewith G. The Credibility of Placebo Controls in Acupuncture Studies. Complementary Therapies in Medicine 1998; 6:79–82.
Richardson PH, Vincent CA. Acupuncture for the treatment of pain: a review of evaluative research. Pain 1986; 24:15–40.
Borkovec T, Nau S. Credibility of Analogue Therapy Rationales. J. Behav Therand Exp.Psychiat 1972; 3:257–60.
Vincent C. Credibility Assessment in Trials of Acupuncture. Comp.Med.Res. 1990; 4:8–11.
Downs S, Black N. The feasability of creating a checklist for the assessment of the methodological quality both of randomised and non randomised studies of health care interventions. J. Epidemiol.Community Health 1998; 52:377–84.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2004 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this paper
Cite this paper
White, P.J. (2004). Methodological Concerns when Designing Trials for the Efficacy of Acupuncture for the Treatment of Pain. In: Cooper, E.L., Yamaguchi, N. (eds) Complementary and Alternative Approaches to Biomedicine. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 546. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4820-8_16
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4820-8_16
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-3441-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4757-4820-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive