Abstract
The search for a peptide corresponding to the NH2-terminus of somatostatin-28 (SS-28) in tissues has led to the isolation and characterization of somatostatin-28[1–12] from pancreas and hypothalamus. Somatostatin-28[1–12]-like immunoreactivity [SS-28[1–12]-LI] is widely distributed throughout the central nervous sytem and the digestive system of rodents and primates, reaching levels comparable to those of somatostatin-14 (SS-14). Antibodies directed against the C-terminal end of the dodecapeptide are more specific and constitute excellent markers for the “prosomatostatin” system in mammalian tissues. In rat brain, SS-28[1–12]-LI material is highly concentrated in nerve fibres and terminals, especially in the median eminence, layer I of neocortex, the outer molecular layer of the dentate gyrus and the striatum. Additionally, immunoreactivity is observed in large multipolar or occasionally pyramidal-like neurons of the neocortex. SS-28[1–12] is secreted from hypothalamus and amygdala by a calcium dependent mechanism. No biological role is presently known for the dodecapeptide.
Two other peptides of Mr = 8000 (8K) and Mr = 5000 (5K) which contain SS-28[1–12] at their carboxy-termini are present in acid extracts from rat pancreas, brain and spinal cord. These two peptides were isolated from an acid extract of rat brains using ion-exchange chromatography, gel permeation chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC. Results from amino acid analysis and partial sequencing were compared to the sequence of the cDNA encoding rat pre-prosoma-tostatin (prepro-SS) and revealed that the 8K peptide is a 76 amino acid molecule corresponding to prepro-SS[25–100] and that the 5K peptide, which contains 44 amino acids, corresponds to prepro-SS [57–100]. The 5K peptide was generated after cleavage of a Leu-Leu bond at position 56–57 of prepro-SS. The four most predominant peptides of the “prosomatostatin system” presently characterized are: SS-14, SS-28[1–12], SS-28 and prepro-SS[25–100]. Studies on pooled perfusates from rat hypothalamic tissue show that prepro-SS [25–100] is released with SS-28[1–12] in vitro and accounts for 22% of the total SS-28[1–12]-like immunoreactive material released during depolarization. The 5K peptide is apparently not secreted.
The presence of prepro-SS[25–100] in brain implies that, first, prosomatostatin can serve as an immediate precursor for SS-14 without going through SS-28 as an intermediate step and second, other peptides could conceivably be derived from the cryptic portion of the precursor.
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Benoit, R. et al. (1985). Somatostatin-28 [1–12] — Like Peptides. In: Patel, Y.C., Tannenbaum, G.S. (eds) Somatostatin. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 188. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7886-4_6
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