Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Biomarkers of Cancer

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Applications of Biotechnology in Oncology

  • 3507 Accesses

Abstract

A biomarker is a characteristic that can be objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of a physiological as well as a pathological process or pharmacological response to a therapeutic intervention. In case of cancer, biomarkers are referred to as cancer biomarkers. Any specific molecular alteration of a cell on DNA, RNA, metabolite, or protein level can be referred to as a molecular biomarker. In the era of molecular biology, biomarkers usually mean molecular biomarkers and can be divided into three broad categories (Jain 2010):

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 229.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abuzeid WM, Davis S, Tang AL, et al. Sensitization of Head and Neck Cancer to Cisplatin Through the Use of a Novel Curcumin Analog. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;137:499-507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahel D, Horejsi Z, Wiechens N, et al. Poly(ADP-ribose)-Dependent Regulation of DNA Repair by the Chromatin Remodeling Enzyme ALC1. Science 2009;325:1240-3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aivado M, Spentzos D, Germing U, et al. Serum proteome profiling detects myelodysplastic syndromes and identifies CXC chemokine ligands 4 and 7 as markers for advanced disease. PNAS 2007;104:1307-12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali SM, Carney WP, Esteva FJ, et al. Serum HER-2/neu and relative resistance to trastuzumab-based therapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer 2008;113:1294-301.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Saffar NM, Troy H, Ramirez de Molina A, et al. Noninvasive magnetic resonance spectroscopic pharmacodynamic markers of the choline kinase inhibitor MN58b in human carcinoma models. Cancer Res 2006;66:427-34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altomare DF, Di Lena M, Porcelli F, et al. Exhaled volatile organic compounds identify patients with colorectal cancer. Brit J Surg 2013;100:144-50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alumkal JJ, Zhang Z, Humphreys EB, et al. Effect of DNA methylation on identification of aggressive prostate cancer. Urology 2008;72:1234-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amler LC. HER3 mRNA as a predictive biomarker in anticancer therapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010;10:1343-55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amundadottir LT, Sulem P, Gudmundsson J, et al. A common variant associated with prostate cancer in European and African populations. Nature Genetics 2006;38:652-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anastasi E, Marchei GG, Viggiani V, et al. HE4: a new potential early biomarker for the recurrence of ovarian cancer. Tumour Biol 2010;31:113-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arellano-Garcia ME, Hu S, Wang J, et al. Multiplexed immunobead-based assay for detection of oral cancer protein biomarkers in saliva. Oral Dis 2008;14:705-12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ausch C, Buxhofer-Ausch V, Olszewski U, et al. Circulating Cytokeratin 18 Fragment M65-A Potential Marker of Malignancy in Colorectal Cancer Patients. J Gastrointest Surg 2009;13:2020-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayers M, Fargnoli J, Lewin A, et al. Discovery and Validation of Biomarkers that Respond to Treatment with Brivanib Alaninate, a Small-Molecule VEGFR-2/FGFR-1 Antagonist. Cancer Res 2007;67:6899-906.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai VU, Kaseb A, Tejwani S, et al. Identification of prostate cancer mRNA markers by averaged differential expression and their detection in biopsies, blood, and urine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007;104:2343-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balaj L, Lessard R, Dai L, et al. Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences. Nat Commun 2011;2:180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bao S, Wu Q, McLendon RE, et al. Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature 2006;444:756-60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartolucci R, Wei J, Sanchez JJ, et al. XPG mRNA expression levels modulate prognosis in resected non-small-cell lung cancer in conjunction with BRCA1 and ERCC1 expression. Clin Lung Cancer 2009;10:47-52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basil CF, Zhao Y, Zavaglia K, et al. Common Cancer Biomarkers. Cancer Research 2006;66;2953-61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bathen F, Sitter B, Sjøbakk TE, et al. Magnetic resonance metabolomics of intact tissue: a biotechnological tool in cancer diagnostics and treatment evaluation. Cancer Res 2010; 70; OF1-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck J, Urnovitz H, Mitchell WM, et al. Next Generation Sequencing of Serum Circulating Nucleic Acids from Patients with Invasive Ductal Breast Cancer Reveals Differences to Healthy and Nonmalignant Controls. Mol Cancer Res 2010;8:335-42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berkofsky-Fessler W, Nguyen TQ, Delmar P, et al. Preclinical biomarkers for a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor translate to candidate pharmacodynamic biomarkers in phase I patients. Mol Cancer Ther 2009;8:2517-25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhagwat NR, Roginskaya VY, Acquafondata MB, et al. Immunodetection of DNA repair endonuclease ERCC1-XPF in human tissue. Cancer Res 2009;69:6831-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bignone PA, Banham AH. FOXP3+ regulatory T cells as biomarkers in human malignancies. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2008;8:1897-1920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boeri M, Verri C, Conte D, et al. MicroRNA signatures in tissues and plasma predict development and prognosis of computed tomography detected lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:3713-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosco EE, Wang Y, Xu H, et al. The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor modifies the therapeutic response of breast cancer. J Clin Invest 2007;117:218-28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosserhoff AK. Novel biomarkers in malignant melanoma. Clin Chim Acta 2006;367:28-35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bottoni A, Piccin D, Tagliati F, et al. miR-15a and miR-16-1 down-regulation in pituitary adenomas. J Cell Physiol 2005;204:280-5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradley SV, Oravecz-Wilson KI, Bougeard G, et al. Serum antibodies to huntingtin interacting protein-1: a new blood test for prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2005;65:4126-33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bremnes RM, Sirera R, Camps C. Circulating tumour-derived DNA and RNA markers in blood: a tool for early detection, diagnostics, and follow-up? Lung Cancer 2005;49:1-12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brennan DJ, Jirstrom K, Kronblad A, et al. CAIX is an independent prognostic marker in premenopausal breast cancer patients with one to three positive lymph nodes and a putative marker of radiation resistance. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6421-31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brock MV, Hooker CM, Ota-Machida E, et al. DNA Methylation Markers and Early Recurrence in Stage I Lung Cancer. NEJM 2008;358:1118-28.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burger JA. The times they are a-changin’: prognostic markers in the new era of BCR-targeting therapies for CLL. Expert Opinion on Medical Diagnostics 2012;6:49-57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buys SS, Partridge E, Black A, et al. Effect of screening on ovarian cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Randomized Controlled Trial. JAMA 2011;305:2295-303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill S, Smyth P, Finn S, et al. Effect of ret/PTC 1 rearrangement on transcription and post-transcriptional regulation in a papillary thyroid carcinoma model. Mol Cancer 2006a;5:70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Calin GA, Ferracin M, Cimmino A, et al. A MicroRNA Signature Associated with Prognosis and Progression in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. NEJM 2005; 353:1793-1801.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carden CP, Sarker D, Postel-Vinay S, et al. Can Molecular Biomarker-Based Patient Selection In Phase I Trials Accelerate Anticancer Drug Development? Drug Discovery Today 2010;15:88-97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catarino R, Coelho A, Medeiros R. Circulating DNA and NSCLC: old findings with new perspectives. J Thorac Dis 2012;4:442-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty S, Jain M, Sasson AR, Batra SK. MUC4 as a diagnostic marker in cancer. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2008;2:891-910.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee M, Mohapatra S, Ionan A, et al. Diagnostic markers of ovarian cancer by high-throughput antigen cloning and detection on arrays. Cancer Res 2006;66:1181-90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen HY, Yu SL, Chen CH, et al. A Five-Gene Signature and Clinical Outcome in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. NEJM 2007;356:11-20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen R, Yi EC, Donohoe S, et al. Pancreatic cancer proteome: the proteins that underlie invasion, metastasis, and immunologic escape. Gastroenterology 2005;129:1187-97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng AJ, Chen LC, Chien KY, et al. Oral cancer plasma tumor marker identified with bead-based affinity-fractionated proteomic technology. Clin Chem. 2005;51:2236-44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chien J, Aletti G, Baldi A, et al. Serine protease HtrA1 modulates chemotherapy-induced cytotoxicity. J Clin Invest 2006;116:1994-2004.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chin LJ, Ratner E, Leng S, et al. A SNP in a let-7 microRNA complementary site in the KRAS 3′ untranslated region increases non-small cell lung cancer risk. Cancer Res 2008;68:8535-40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cho WC. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: molecular biomarker discovery and progress. Mol Cancer. 2007;6:1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chow TF, Youssef YM, Lianidou E, et al. Differential expression profiling of microRNAs and their potential involvement in renal cell carcinoma pathogenesis. Clin Biochem 2010;43:150-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung CH, Parker JS, Ely K, et al. Gene Expression Profiles Identify Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition and Activation of Nuclear Factor-{kappa}B Signaling as Characteristics of a High-risk Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cancer Res. 2006a;66:8210-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chung GG, Yoon HH, Zerkowski MP, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor, FLT-1, and FLK-1 analysis in a pancreatic cancer tissue microarray. Cancer 2006b;106:1677-84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cima I, Schiess R, Wild P, et al. Cancer genetics-guided discovery of serum biomarker signatures for diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:3342-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clements JA, Willemsen NM, Myers SA, Dong Y. The tissue kallikrein family of serine proteases: functional roles in human disease and potential as clinical biomarkers. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2004;41:265-312.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colman H, Zhang L, Sulman EP, et al, A multigene predictor of outcome in glioblastoma. Neuro Oncol 2010;12:49-57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comunale MA, Lowman M, Long RE, et al. Proteomic analysis of serum associated fucosylated glycoproteins in the development of primary hepatocellular carcinoma. J Proteome Res 2006;5:308-15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper A, van Doorninck J, Ji L, Russell D, et al. Ewing tumors that do not overexpress BMI-1 are a distinct molecular subclass with variant biology: a report from the Children’s Oncology Group. Clin Cancer Res 2011;17:56-66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Souza AL, Tseng JR, Pauly KB, et al. A strategy for blood biomarker amplification and localization using ultrasound. PNAS 2009;106:17152-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darragh MR, Schneider EL, Lou J, et al. Tumor Detection by Imaging Proteolytic Activity. Cancer Res 2010;70;1505-12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawson SJ, Tsui DW, Murtaza M, et al. Analysis of Circulating Tumor DNA to Monitor Metastatic Breast Cancer. NEJM 2013; 368:1199-1209.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desmetz C, Mangé A, Solassol J. Comparison of proteomic strategies to identify antibodies resulting from the humoral immune response to cancer. Med Sci (Paris) 2008;24:1071-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson BC, Kandel RA. Advances in the identification of molecular markers for bone neoplasia. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2010;4:429-38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehn M, Nardini C, Wang DS, et al. Identification of noninvasive imaging surrogates for brain tumor gene-expression modules. PNAS 2008;105: 5213-18.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dong M, How T, Kirkbride KC, et al. The type III TGF-beta receptor suppresses breast cancer progression. J Clin Invest 2007;117:206-17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Draghici S, Chatterjee M, Tainsky MA. Epitomics: serum screening for the early detection of cancer on microarrays using complex panels of tumor antigens. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2005;5:735-43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy MJ. Serum tumor markers in breast cancer: are they of clinical value? Clin Chem 2006;52:345-51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duijvesz D, Luider T, Bangma CH, Jenster G. Exosomes as biomarker treasure chests for prostate cancer. Eur Urol 2011;59:823-31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eberini I, Gianazza E, Pastorino U, Sirtor CR. Assessment of individual lung cancer risk by the proteomic analysis of exhaled breath condensate. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2008;2:1309-15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emerling BM, Benes CH, Poulogiannis G, et al. Identification of CDCP1 as a hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) target gene that is associated with survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients. PNAS 2013;110:3483-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Endo K, Sasaki H, Yano M, et al. Evaluation of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutation and copy number in non-small cell lung cancer with gefitinib therapy. Oncol Rep 2006;16:533-41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Evans MJ, Smith-Jones PM, Wongvipat J, et al. Noninvasive measurement of androgen receptor signaling with a positron-emitting radiopharmaceutical that targets prostate-specific membrane antigen. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:9578-82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faca VM, Song KS, Wang H, et al. A Mouse to Human Search for Plasma Proteome Changes Associated with Pancreatic Tumor Development. PLoS Med 2008;5:e123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falchetti A, Cavalli L, Giusti F, et al. Molecular diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma: a reality in the near future. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2012;6:27-37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felsberg J, Rapp M, Loeser S, et al. Prognostic significance of molecular markers and extent of resection in primary glioblastoma patients. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:6683-93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feng B, Yue F, Zheng MH. Urinary markers in colorectal cancer. Adv Clin Chem 2009;47:45-57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fimmel CJ, Wright L. Golgi protein 73 as a biomarker of hepatocellular cancer: development of a quantitative serum assay and expression studies in hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies. Hepatology 2009;49:1421-3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finn SP, Smyth P, Cahill S, et al. Expression micro-array analysis of papillary thyroid carcinoma and benign thyroid tissue: emphasis on the follicular variant and potential markers of malignancy. Virchows Arch 2007;450:249-60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franco R, Cantile M, Marino FZ, Pirozzi G. Circulating tumor cells as emerging tumor biomarkers in lung cancer. J Thorac Dis 2012;4:438-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friboulet L, Olaussen KA, Pignon JP, et al. ERCC1 Isoform Expression and DNA Repair in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer. N Engl J Med 2013;368:1101-10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frigola J, Song J, Stirzaker C, et al. Epigenetic remodeling in colorectal cancer results in coordinate gene suppression across an entire chromosome band. Nat Genet 2006;38:540-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glunde K, Serkova NJ. Therapeutic targets and biomarkers identified in cancer choline phospholipid metabolism. Pharmacogenomics 2006;7:1109-23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gogas H, Eggermont AM, Hauschild A, et al. Biomarkers in melanoma. Ann Oncol 2009;20 Suppl 6:vi8-13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grauden E, Boulanger V, Mollard C, et al. Deciphering cellular states of innate tumor drug responses. Genome Biology 2006;7:R19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gribben JG. Molecular profiling in CLL. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2008:444-9. doi:10.1182/asheducation-2008.1.444.

  • Griffith OL, Melck A, Jones SJ, Wiseman SM. Meta-analysis and meta-review of thyroid cancer gene expression profiling studies identifies important diagnostic biomarkers. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:5043-51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griffiths EA, Pritchard SA, Welch IM, et al. Is the hypoxia-inducible factor pathway important in gastric cancer? Eur J Cancer 2005;41:2792-805.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gronborg M, Bunkenborg J, Kristiansen TZ, et al. Comprehensive proteomic analysis of human pancreatic juice. J Proteome Res 2004;3:1042-55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Groot JW, Kema IP, Breukelman H, et al. Biochemical markers in the follow-up of medullary thyroid cancer. Thyroid 2006;16:1163-70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gu XJ, Zhu QY, Yuan L, et al. A proteomic study of the serum proteins in BPH and HGPIN patients. Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue 2008;14:62-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta RA, Shah N, Wang KC, et al. Long non-coding RNA HOTAIR reprograms chromatin state to promote cancer metastasis. Nature 2010;464:1071-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guyon I, Fritsche HA, Choppa P, et al. A four-gene expression signature for prostate cancer cells consisting of UAP1, PDLIM5, IMPDH2, and HSPD1. UroToday Int J 2009;2(4). doi:10.3834/uij.1944-5784.2009.08.06

  • Haas-Kogan DA, Prados MD, Lamborn KR, et al. Biomarkers to predict response to epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors. Cell Cycle 2005;4:1369-72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han M, Liew CT, Zhang HW, et al. Novel Blood-Based, Five-Gene Biomarker Set for the Detection of Colorectal Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:455-60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hara T, Honda K, Ono M, et al. Identification of 2 serum biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma by surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. J Urol 2005;174(4 Pt 1):1213-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hardouin J, Lasserre JP, Sylvius L, et al. Cancer immunomics: from serological proteome analysis to multiple affinity protein profiling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007;1107:223-30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harsha HC, Kandasamy K, Ranganathan P, et al. A Compendium of Potential Biomarkers of Pancreatic Cancer. PLoS Med 2009;6(4): e1000046.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hegmans JP, Veltman JD, Fung ET, et al. Protein Profiling of Pleural Effusions to Identify Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Using SELDI-TOF MS. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2009;8:323-32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellstrom I, Heagerty PJ, Swisher EM, et al. Detection of the HE4 protein in urine as a biomarker for ovarian neoplasms. Cancer Lett 2010;296:43-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellstrom I, Hellstrom KE. Two new biomarkers, mesothelin and HE4, for diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2011;5:227-40.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hellstrom M, Lexander H, Franzen B, Egevad L. Proteomics in prostate cancer research. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2007;29:32-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermann PC, Mueller MT, Heeschen C. Pancreatic cancer stem cells – insights and perspectives. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy 2009;9:1271-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hessvik NP, Sandvig K, Llorente A. Exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers for prostate cancer. Front Genet 2013;4:36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch FR, Witta S. Biomarkers for prediction of sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer. Curr Opin Oncol 2005;17:118-22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffmann AC, Vallbohmer D, Prenzel K, et al. Methylated DAPK and APC promoter DNA detection in peripheral blood is significantly associated with apparent residual tumor and outcome. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2009;135:1231-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holdenrieder S, von Pawel J, Dankelmann E, et al. Nucleosomes and CYFRA 21-1 indicate tumor response after one cycle of chemotherapy in recurrent non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2009;63:128-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holzinger D, Schmitt M, Dyckhoff G, et al. Viral RNA patterns and high viral load reliably define oropharynx carcinomas with active HPV16 involvement. Cancer Res 2012;72:4993-5003.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honda K, Hayashida Y, Umaki T, et al. Possible Detection of Pancreatic Cancer by Plasma Protein Profiling. Cancer Research 2005;65:10613-22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikoma D, Ichikawa D, Ueda Y, et al. Circulating tumor cells and aberrant methylation as tumor markers in patients with esophageal cancer. Anticancer Res 2007;27(1B):535-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain A, Tindell CA, Laux I, et al. Epithelial membrane protein-1 is a biomarker of gefitinib resistance. PNAS 2005;102:11858-63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain KK. A Handbook of Biomarkers. Springer, New York, 2010.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenab M, McKay J, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, et al. Vitamin D Receptor and Calcium Sensing Receptor Polymorphisms and the Risk of Colorectal Cancer in European Populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18:2485-91.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang X, Zhao Y, Forrest D, et al. Stem cell biomarkers in chronic myeloid leukemia. Dis Markers 2008;24:201-16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan J, Srivastava S, Barker PE, et al. Towards Clinical Application of Methylated DNA Sequences as Cancer Biomarkers: A Joint NCI’s EDRN and NIST Workshop on Standards, Methods, Assays, Reagents and Tools. Cancer Res 2007;67:4545-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kato T. Stat3-driven cancer-related inflammation as a key therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2011;3:587-90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerlikowske K, Molinaro AM, Gauthier ML, et al. Biomarker Expression and Risk of Subsequent Tumors After Initial Ductal Carcinoma In Situ Diagnosis. J Natl Cancer Inst J 2010;102:627-37.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan O, Fotheringham S, Wood V, et al. HR23B is a biomarker for tumor sensitivity to HDAC inhibitor-based therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107:6532-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khwaja FW, Duke-Cohan JS, Brat DJ, Van Meir EG. Attractin Is Elevated in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Malignant Astrocytoma and Mediates Glioma Cell Migration. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:6331-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kikuta K, Tochigi N, Shimoda T, et al. Nucleophosmin as a candidate prognostic biomarker of Ewing’s sarcoma revealed by proteomics. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:2885-94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim K, Taylor SL, Ganti S, et al. Urine metabolomic analysis identifies potential biomarkers and pathogenic pathways in kidney cancer. OMICS 2011;15:293-303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimura H, Kasahara K, Kawaishi M, et al. Detection of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in serum as a predictor of the response to gefitinib in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:3915-21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirmiz C, Li B, An HJ, et al. A serum glycomics approach to breast cancer biomarkers. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007;6:43-55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein RJ, Halldén C, Cronin AM, et al. Blood biomarker levels to aid discovery of cancer-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms: kallikreins and prostate cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010;3:611-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koga Y, Pelizzola M, Cheng E, et al. Genome-wide screen of promoter methylation identifies novel markers in melanoma. Genome Res 2009;19:1462-70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler C, Barekati Z, Radpour R, Zhong XY. Cell-free DNA in the circulation as a potential cancer biomarker. Anticancer Res 2011;31:2623-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Köllermann J, Schlomm T, Bang H, et al. Expression and Prognostic Relevance of Annexin A3 in Prostate Cancer. Eur Urol 2008;54:1314-23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koopmann J, Zhang Z, White N, et al. Serum diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma using surface-enhanced laser desorption and ionization mass spectrometry. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:860-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koukourakis MI, Bentzen SM, Giatromanolaki A, et al. Endogenous markers of two separate hypoxia response pathways (hypoxia inducible factor 2 alpha and carbonic anhydrase 9) are associated with radiotherapy failure in head and neck cancer patients recruited in the CHART randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:727-35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieg RC, Knuechel R, Schiffmann E, et al. Mitochondrial proteome: cancer-altered metabolism associated with cytochrome c oxidase subunit level variation. Proteomics 2004;4:2789-95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kristensen LS, Hansen LL. PCR-based methods for detecting single-locus DNA methylation biomarkers in cancer diagnostics, prognostics, and response to treatment. Clin Chem 2009;55:1471-83.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krusche CA, Wulfing P, Kersting C, et al. Histone deacetylase-1 and -3 protein expression in human breast cancer: a tissue microarray analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2005;90:15-23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krysan K, Lee JM, Dohadwala M, et al. Inflammation, Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition, and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Resistance. J Thoracic Oncol 2008;3:107-10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kwong GA, von Maltzahn G, Murugappan G, et al. Mass-encoded synthetic biomarkers for multiplexed urinary monitoring of disease. Nat Biotechnol 2012;31:63-70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lallemant B, Evrard A, Combescure C. Clinical relevance of nine transcriptional molecular markers for the diagnosis of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in tissue and saliva rinse. BMC Cancer 2009;9:370

    Google Scholar 

  • Lanza G, Ferracin M, Gafa R, et al. mRNA/microRNA gene expression profile in microsatellite unstable colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer 2007;6:54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laxman B, Morris DS, Yu J, et al. A first-generation multiplex biomarker analysis of urine for the early detection of prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2008;68:645-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le BV, Griffin CR, Loeb S, et al. [-2]Proenzyme prostate specific antigen is more accurate than total and free prostate specific antigen in differentiating prostate cancer from benign disease in a prospective prostate cancer screening study. J Urol 2010;183:1355-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee E, Nichols P, Spicer D, et al. GRP78 as a novel predictor of responsiveness to chemotherapy in breast cancer. Cancer Res 2006;66:7849-53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JW, Figeys D, Vasilescu J. Biomarker assay translation from discovery to clinical studies in cancer drug development: quantification of emerging protein biomarkers. Adv Cancer Res 2007;96:269-98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Chen WD, Papadopoulos N, et al. Sensitive digital quantification of DNA methylation in clinical samples. Nat Biotechnol 2009;27:858-63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lintula S, Hotakainen K. Developing biomarkers for improved diagnosis and treatment outcome monitoring of bladder cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2010;10:1169-80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Zheng S, Yu JK, et al. Establishment of diagnostic model of cerebrospinal protein fingerprint pattern for glioma and its clinical application. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2005a;34:141-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Zheng S, Yu JK, et al. Serum protein fingerprinting coupled with artificial neural network distinguishes glioma from healthy population or brain benign tumor. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2005b;6:4-10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lo AK, To KF, Lo KW, et al. Modulation of LMP1 protein expression by EBV-encoded microRNAs. PNAS 2007;104:16164-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lo PK, Watanabe H, Cheng PC, et al. MethySYBR, a Novel Quantitative PCR Assay for the Dual Analysis of DNA Methylation and CpG Methylation Density. J Mol Diagn 2009;11:400-14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lofton-Day C, Model F, Devos T, et al. DNA-Methylation Biomarkers for Blood-Based Colorectal Cancer Screening. Clin Chem 2008;54:414-23.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez-Pedrera C, Villalba JM, Siendones E, et al. Proteomic analysis of acute myeloid leukemia: Identification of potential early biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Proteomics 2006;6 Suppl 1:S293-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lowenthal MS, Mehta AI, Frogale K, et al. Analysis of albumin-associated peptides and proteins from ovarian cancer patients. Clin Chem 2005;51:1933-45.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lu J, Getz G, Miska EA, et al. MicroRNA expression profiles classify human cancers. Nature 2005a;435:834-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma XJ, Hilsenbeck SG, Wang W, et al. The HOXB13:IL17BR expression index is a prognostic factor in early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006;24:4611-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma Y, Peng J, Liu W, et al. Proteomics identification of desmin as a potential oncofetal diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009;8:1878-90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maheswaran S, Haber DA. Circulating tumor cells: a window into cancer biology and metastasis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2010;20:96-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahner S, Woelber L, Eulenburg C, et al. TIMP-1 and VEGF-165 serum concentration during first-line therapy of ovarian cancer patients. BMC Cancer 2010;10:139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makarov DV, Isharwal S, Sokoll LJ, et al. Pro-prostate-specific antigen measurements in serum and tissue are associated with treatment necessity among men enrolled in expectant management for prostate cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:7316-21.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malkas LH, Herbert BS, Abdel-Aziz W, et al. A cancer-associated PCNA expressed in breast cancer has implications as a potential biomarker. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:19472-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manne U, Srivastava RG, Srivastava S. Recent advances in biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Drug Discov Today 2005;10:965-76.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manuyakorn A, Paulus R, Farrell J, et al. Cellular histone modification patterns predict prognosis and treatment response in resectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma: results from RTOG 9704. J Clin Oncol 2010;28:1358-65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margraf RL, Mao R, Wittwer CT. Rapid diagnosis of MEN2B using unlabeled probe melting analysis and the LightCycler 480 instrument. J Mol Diagn 2008;10:123-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markman M, Federico M, Liu PY, et al. Significance of early changes in the serum CA-125 antigen level on overall survival in advanced ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2006;103:195-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks LS, Fradet Y, Deras IL, et al. PCA3 molecular urine assay for prostate cancer in men undergoing repeat biopsy. Urology 2007;69:532-5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marotta V, Sapio R, Guerra A, Vitale M. BRAF mutation in cytology samples as a diagnostic tool for papillary thyroid carcinoma. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2011;5:277-90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez CH, Chalasani V, Chin J. Molecular biomarkers in prostate cancer. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2009;3:345-53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Trufero J, de Lobera AR, Lao J, et al. Serum markers and prognosis in locally advanced breast cancer. Tumori 2005;91:522-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matsumoto S, Yasui H, Batra S, et al. Simultaneous imaging of tumor oxygenation and microvascular permeability using Overhauser enhanced MRI. PNAS 2009;106:17898-903.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzone PJ, Hammel J, Dweik R, et al. Lung Cancer Diagnosis by the Analysis of Exhaled Breath with a Colorimetric Sensor Array. Thorax 2007;62:565-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meany DL, Sokoll LJ, Chan DW. Early detection of cancer: immunoassays for plasma tumor markers. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2009;3:597-605.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melle C, Ernst G, Schimmel B, et al. Characterization of pepsinogen C as a potential biomarker for gastric cancer using a histo-proteomic approach. J Proteome Res 2005;4:1799-804.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menard C, Johann D, Lowenthal M, et al. Discovering clinical biomarkers of ionizing radiation exposure with serum proteomic analysis. Cancer Res 2006;66:1844-50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mistry T, Digby JE, Desai KM, Randeva HS. Obesity and prostate cancer: a role for adipokines. Eur Urol 2007;52:46-53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell PS, Parkin RK, Kroh EM, et al. Circulating microRNAs as stable blood-based markers for cancer detection. PNAS 2008;105:10513-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyagi Y, Higashiyama M, Gochi A, et al. Plasma Free Amino Acid Profiling of Five Types of Cancer Patients and Its Application for Early Detection. PLoS ONE 2011;6(9):e24143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata T, Jige M, Nakaminami T, Uragami T. Tumor marker-responsive behavior of gels prepared by biomolecular imprinting. PNAS 2006;103:1190-3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mizutani Y, Nakanishi H, Yamamoto K, et al. Downregulation of Smac/DIABLO expression in renal cell carcinoma and its prognostic significance. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:448-54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moffat BA, Chenevert TL, Lawrence TS, et al. Functional diffusion map: a noninvasive MRI biomarker for early stratification of clinical brain tumor response. PNAS 2005;102:5524-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molina R, Auge JM, Filella X, et al. Pro-gastrin-releasing peptide (proGRP) in patients with benign and malignant diseases: comparison with CEA, SCC, CYFRA 21-1 and NSE in patients with lung cancer. Anticancer Res 2005;25(3A):1773-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moltzahn F, Olshen AB, Baehner L, et al. Microfluidic-Based Multiplex qRT-PCR Identifies Diagnostic and Prognostic microRNA Signatures in the Sera of Prostate Cancer Patients. Cancer Res 2011;71:550-60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moussay E, Wang K, Cho JH, et al. MicroRNA as biomarkers and regulators in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011;108:6573-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mydlarz WK, Hennessey PT, Califano JA. Advances and perspectives in the molecular diagnosis of head and neck cancer. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2010;4:53-65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagarajan RP, Costello JF. Epigenetic mechanisms in glioblastoma multiforme. Semin Cancer Biol 2009;19:188-97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagengast WB, Lub-de Hooge MN, Oosting SF, et al. VEGF-PET Imaging Is a Noninvasive Biomarker Showing Differential Changes in the Tumor during Sunitinib Treatment. Cancer Res 2010;71;143-53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagrath S, Sequist LV, Maheswaran S, et al. Isolation of rare circulating tumour cells in cancer patients by microchip technology. Nature 2007;450:1235-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nahta R, Yu D, Hung MC, et al. Mechanisms of disease: understanding resistance to HER2-targeted therapy in human breast cancer. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2006;3:269-80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navab R, Strumpf D, Bandarchi B, et al. Prognostic gene-expression signature of carcinoma-associated fibroblasts in non-small cell lung cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011;108:7160-5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nemunaitis J, Clayman G, Agarwala SS, et al. Biomarkers Predict p53 Gene Therapy Efficacy in Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:7719-25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nesterova MV, Johnson N, Cheadle C, et al. Autoantibody Cancer Biomarker: Extracellular Protein Kinase A. Cancer Res 2006;66:8971-4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nettikadan S, Radke K, Johnson J, et al. Detection and quantification of protein biomarkers from fewer than ten cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2006;5:895-901.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ng EK, Chong WW, Jin H, et al. Differential expression of microRNAs in plasma of patients with colorectal cancer: a potential marker for colorectal cancer screening. Gut 2009;58:1375-81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nielsen JS, Graves ML, Chelliah S, et al. The CD34-Related Molecule Podocalyxin Is a Potent Inducer of Microvillus Formation. PLoS ONE 2007;2:e237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisman B, Heching N, Biran H, et al. The prognostic significance of circulating neuroendocrine markers chromogranin a, pro-gastrin-releasing peptide and neuron-specific enolase in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Tumour Biol 2006;27:8-16.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niu L, Qin Y, Fridley BL, et al. Radiation pharmacogenomics: A genome-wide association approach to identify radiation response biomarkers using human lymphoblastoid cell lines. Genome Research 2010;20:1482-92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novakova J, Slaby O, Vyzula R, Michalek J. MicroRNA involvement in glioblastoma pathogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;386:1-5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Flaherty JD, Gray S, Richard D, et al. Circulating tumour cells, their role in metastasis and their clinical utility in lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2012;76:19-25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obiezu CV, Diamandis EP. Human tissue kallikrein gene family: applications in cancer. Cancer Lett 2005;224:1-22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien SL, Fagan A, Fox EJ, et al. CENP-F expression is associated with poor prognosis and chromosomal instability in patients with primary breast cancer. Int J Cancer 2007;120:1434-43.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor JPB, Jackson A, Parker GJM, Jayson GC. DCE-MRI biomarkers in the clinical evaluation of antiangiogenic and vascular disrupting agents. Br J Cancer 2007;96:189-95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohshiro K, Kumar R. Evolving pathway-driven biomarkers in breast cancer. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2010;19(Suppl1):S51-S56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ouellet V, Guyot MC, Le Page C, et al. Tissue array analysis of expression microarray candidates identifies markers associated with tumor grade and outcome in serous epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Cancer 2006;119:599-607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Partheen K, Levan K, Osterberg L, et al. External validation suggests Integrin beta 3 as prognostic biomarker in serous ovarian adenocarcinomas. BMC Cancer 2009;9:336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patard JJ. Surrogate markers of VHL abnormalities. Kidney Cancer J Int 2008;1:11-3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patz EF Jr, Campa MJ, Gottlin EB, et al. Panel of serum biomarkers for the diagnosis of lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:5578-83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne SR, Serth J, Schostak M, et al. DNA methylation biomarkers of prostate cancer: confirmation of candidates and evidence urine is the most sensitive body fluid for non-invasive detection. Prostate 2009;69:1257-69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peng L, Marik J, Wang X, et al. Combinatorial chemistry identifies high-affinity peptidomimetics against α4β1 integrin for in vivo tumor imaging. Nat Chem Biol 2006;2:381-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petillo D, Kort EJ, Anema J, et al. MicroRNA profiling of human kidney cancer subtypes. Int J Oncol 2009;35:109-14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porkka KP, Pfeiffer MJ, Waltering KK, MicroRNA expression profiling in prostate cancer. Cancer Res 2007;67:6130-5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard KI, Shepherd LE, O’Malley FP, et al. HER2 and Responsiveness of Breast Cancer to Adjuvant Chemotherapy. NEJM 2006;354:2103-11.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qian HG, Shen J, Ma H, et al. Preliminary study on proteomics of gastric carcinoma and its clinical significance. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:6249-53.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rao PN, Crippin J, Levine E, et al. Elevation of serum riboflavin carrier protein in hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatol Res 2006;35:83-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson BD, Sica GL, Liu YF, et al. Tumor Microenvironment of Metastasis in Human Breast Carcinoma: A Potential Prognostic Marker Linked to Hematogenous Dissemination. Clin Cancer Res 2009;15:2433-41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez-González FG, Sieuwerts AM, Smid M, et al. MicroRNA-30c expression level is an independent predictor of clinical benefit of endocrine therapy in advanced estrogen receptor positive breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2011;127:43-51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ronzoni S, Faretta M, Ballarini M, et al. New method to detect histone acetylation levels by flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2005;66:52-61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth TJ, Sheinin Y, Lohse CM, et al. B7-H3 Ligand Expression by Prostate Cancer: A Novel Marker of Prognosis and Potential Target for Therapy. Cancer Res 2007;67:7893-7900.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Said J. Biomarker discovery in urogenital cancer. Biomarkers 2005;10 Suppl 1:S83-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samoylova TI, Morrison NE, Globa LP, Cox NR. Peptide phage display: opportunities for development of personalized anti-cancer strategies. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2006;6:9-17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savblom C, Malm J, Giwercman A, et al. Blood levels of free-PSA but not complex-PSA significantly correlates to prostate release of PSA in semen in young men, while blood levels of complex-PSA, but not free-PSA increase with age. Prostate 2005;65:66-72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt H, Johansen JS, Gehl J, et al. Elevated serum level of YKL-40 is an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. Cancer 2006;106:1130-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz S, Hyslop T, Haaf J, et al. A validated quantitative assay to detect occult micrometastases by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction of guanylyl cyclase C in patients with colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2006;12:4545-52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz WA, Hoffmann MJ. Epigenetic mechanisms in the biology of prostate cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2009;19:172-80.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seiden MV. Beyond CA-125: the coming of age of ovarian cancer biomarkers. Are we there yet? Biomark Med 2009;3:275-88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sengupta S, den Boon JA, Chen IH, et al. MicroRNA 29c is down-regulated in nasopharyngeal carcinomas, up-regulating mRNAs encoding extracellular matrix proteins. PNAS 2008;105:5874-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sergeant G, Vankelecom H, Gremeaux L, Topal B. Role of cancer stem cells in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2009;6:580-6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Serkova N, Boros LG. Detection of resistance to imatinib by metabolic profiling: clinical and drug development implications. Am J Pharmacogenomics. 2005;5:293-302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shames DS, Girard L, Gao B, et al. A Genome-Wide Screen for Promoter Methylation in Lung Cancer Identifies Novel Methylation Markers for Multiple Malignancies. PLoS Med 2006;3(12): e486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shangguan D, Li Y, Tang Z, et al. Aptamers evolved from live cells as effective molecular probes for cancer study. PNAS 2006;103:11838-43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharretts JM, Kebebew E, Simonds WF. Parathyroid cancer. Semin Oncol 2010;37:580-90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shi Y, Chen J, Li L, et al. A Study of Diagnostic Value of Golgi Protein GP73 and its Genetic Assay in Primary Hepatic Carcinoma. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2011;10:287-94.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shoshan SH, Admon A. Novel technologies for cancer biomarker discovery: humoral proteomics. Cancer Biomark 2007;3:141-52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silva CL, Passos M, Câmara JS. Solid phase microextraction, mass spectrometry and metabolomic approaches for detection of potential urinary cancer biomarkers—a powerful strategy for breast cancer diagnosis. Talanta 2012;89:360-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sin DD, Man SF, McWilliams A, Lam S. Progression of airway dysplasia and C-reactive protein in smokers at high risk of lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:535-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siu KW, DeSouza LV, Scorilas A, et al. Differential protein expressions in renal cell carcinoma: new biomarker discovery by mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2009;8:3797-807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skog J, Würdinger T, van Rijn S, et al. Glioblastoma microvesicles transport RNA and proteins that promote tumour growth and provide diagnostic biomarkers. Nat Cell Biol 2008;10:1470-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slaby O, Svoboda M, Fabian P, et al. Altered Expression of miR-21, miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 Is Related to Clinicopathologic Features of Colorectal Cancer. Oncology 2008;72:397-402.

    Google Scholar 

  • Song LB, Zeng MS, Liao WT, et al. Bmi-1 Is a Novel Molecular Marker of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Progression and Immortalizes Primary Human Nasopharyngeal Epithelial Cells. Cancer Res 2006;66:6225-32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spira A, Beane JE, Shah V, et al. Airway epithelial gene expression in the diagnostic evaluation of smokers with suspect lung cancer. Nat Med 2007;13:361-6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sreekumar A, Poisson LM, Rajendiran TM, et al. Metabolomic profiles delineate potential role for sarcosine in prostate cancer progression. Nature 2009;457:910-4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strati K, Pitot HC, Lamber RF. Identification of biomarkers that distinguish human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive versus HPV-negative head and neck cancers in a mouse model. PNAS 2006;103:14152-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suber RL, Flanders VL, Campa MJ, Patz EF Jr. Accentuation of differentially expressed proteins using phage technology. Anal Biochem 2004;333:351-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanase CP, Neagu M, Albulescu R, et al. Biomarkers in the diagnosis and early detection of pancreatic cancer. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2009;3:1-14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavoosidana G, Ronquist G, Darmanis S, et al. Multiple recognition assay reveals prostasomes as promising plasma biomarkers for prostate cancer. PNAS 2011;108:8809-14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas R, Toney K, Fenoglio-Preiser C, et al. The RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Mediates Oncogenic Phenotypes in Pancreatic Cancer Cells and is Increasingly Expressed during Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2007;67:6075-82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Perner S, et al. Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer. Science 2005;310:644-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Towner RA, Jensen RL, Colman H, et al. ELTD1, A Potential New Biomarker for Gliomas. Neurosurgery 2013;72:77-90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Towner RA, Smith N, Asano Y, et al. Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Approaches Used to Aid in the Understanding of Angiogenesis In Vivo: Implications for Tissue Engineering. Tissue Engineering Part A 2010;16: 357-64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsujiura M, Ichikawa D, Komatsu S, et al. Circulating microRNAs in plasma of patients with gastric cancers. Br J Cancer 2010;102:1174-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ugurel S, Utikal J, Becker JC. Tumor biomarkers in melanoma. Cancer Control 2009;16:219-24.

    Google Scholar 

  • van Veelen W, de Groot JW, Acton DS, et al. Medullary thyroid carcinoma and biomarkers: past, present and future. J Intern Med 2009;266:126-40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Seuningen I, Vincent A. Mucins: a new family of epigenetic biomarkers in epithelial cancers. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2009;3:411-27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varambally S, Yu J, Laxman B, et al. Integrative genomic and proteomic analysis of prostate cancer reveals signatures of metastatic progression. Cancer Cell 2005;8:393-406.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Véronèse L, Tchirkov A, Gouas L, et al. Prognosis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: focus on recent biomarkers. Ann Biol Clin (Paris) 2008;66:371-7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickers AJ, Cronin AM, Aus G, et al. A panel of kallikrein markers can reduce unnecessary biopsy for prostate cancer: data from the European Randomized Study of Prostate Cancer Screening in Göteborg, Sweden. BMC Med 2008;6:19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vickers AJ, Cronin AM, Björk T, et al. Prostate specific antigen concentration at age 60 and death or metastasis from prostate cancer: case-control study. BMJ 2010;341:c4521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visintin I, Feng Z, Longton G, et al. Diagnostic markers for early detection of ovarian cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2008;14:1065-72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Visscher DW, Pankratz VS, Santisteban M, et al. Association Between Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in Atypical Hyperplasia and Risk of Breast Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2008;100:421-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Chen D, Chen Y, et al. Metabonomic profiles discriminate hepatocellular carcinoma from liver cirrhosis by ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2012;11:1217-27.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang CS, Lin CL, Lee HC, et al. Usefulness of serum des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin in detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2005;11:6115-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang CS, Wu TL, Tsao KC, Sun CF. Serum TIMP-1 in Gastric Cancer Patients: A Potential Prognostic Biomarker. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2006;36:23-30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang J, Chen J, Chang P, et al. MicroRNAs in Plasma of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Patients as Novel Blood-Based Biomarkers of Disease. Cancer Prev Res (Phila Pa) 2009;2:807-13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang Q, Chaerkady R, Wu J, et al. Mutant proteins as cancer-specific biomarkers. PNAS 2011;108:2444-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe Y, Kim HS, Castoro RJ, et al. Sensitive and specific detection of early gastric cancer with DNA methylation analysis of gastric washes. Gastroenterology 2009;136:2149-58.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weischer M, Bojesen SE, Tybjærg-Hansen A, et al. Increased Risk of Breast Cancer Associated With CHEK2*1100delC. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2007;25:57-63.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weissleder R, Pittet MJ. Imaging in the era of molecular oncology. Nature 2008;452:580-9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White NM, Youssef YM, Fendler A, et al. The miRNA-kallikrein axis of interaction: a new dimension in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Biol Chem 2012;393:379-89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteaker JR, Lin C, Kennedy J, et al. A targeted proteomics–based pipeline for verification of biomarkers in plasma. Nat Biotechnol 2011;29:625-34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiesner A. Detection of tumor markers with ProteinChip® technology. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 2004;5:45-67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wing Yuen Ho D, Fan Yang Z, Yee-Hang Wong B, et al. Surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry serum protein profiling to identify nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer 2006;107:99-107.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiseman JM, Puolitaival SM, Takats Z, et al. Mass Spectrometric Profiling of Intact Biological Tissue by Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization. Angew Chem 2005;44:7094-7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolpin BM, Meyerhardt JA, Chan AT, et al. Insulin, the Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis, and Mortality in Patients With Nonmetastatic Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:176-85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood J, Scott E, Thomas AL. Novel VEGF signalling inhibitors: how helpful are biomarkers in their early development? Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2009;18:1701-14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu K, Li A, Rao M, et al. DACH1 is a cell fate determination factor that inhibits cyclin D1 and breast tumor growth. Mol Cell Biol 2006;26:7116-29.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang J, Bielenberg DR, Rodig SJ, et al. Lipocalin 2 promotes breast cancer progression. PNAS 2009a;106:3913-8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang X, Zhou J, Weidong C, et al. 14-3-3zeta positive expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with Glioblastoma. Neurosurgery 2011;68:932-8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Zhao S, Fan Y, et al. Detection and Identification of Potential Biomarkers of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2009b;8:455-65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeh IT, Martin MA, Robetorye RS, et al. Clinical validation of an array CGH test for HER2 status in breast cancer reveals that polysomy 17 is a rare event. Mod Pathol 2009;22:1169-75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yin-Goen Q, Dale J, Yang WL, et al. Advances in molecular classification of renal neoplasms. Histol Histopathol 2006;21:325-39.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yiu CP, Sasano H, Ono K, Chow LW. Changes in protein expression after neoadjuvant use of aromatase inhibitors in primary breast cancer: a proteomic approach to search for potential biomarkers to predict response or resistance. Expert Opin Invest Drugs 2010;19(s1):S79–S89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yokobori T, Iinuma H, Shimamura T, et al. Plastin3 is a novel marker for circulating tumor cells undergoing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition and is associated with colorectal cancer prognosis. Cancer Res 2013;73;2059-69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu Z, Baserga R, Chen L, et al. microRNA, cell cycle, and human breast cancer. Am J Pathol 2010;176:1058-64.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuen HF, Chua CW, Chan YP, et al. Id proteins expression in prostate cancer: high-level expression of Id-4 in primary prostate cancer is associated with development of metastases. Mod Pathol 2006;19:931-41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang T, Wu X, Ke C, et al. Identification of potential biomarkers for ovarian cancer by urinary metabolomic profiling. J Proteome Res 2013;12:505-12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang X, Leav I, Revelo MP, et al. Deletion Hotspots in AMACR Promoter CpG Island Are cis-Regulatory Elements Controlling the Gene Expression in the Colon. PLoS Genet 2009;5(1): e1000334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhong L, Coe SP, Stromberg AJ, et al. Profiling Tumor-Associated Antibodies for Early Detection of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Thoracic Oncology 2006;1:513-9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhou H, Guo JM, Lou YR, et al. Detection of circulating tumor cells in peripheral blood from patients with gastric cancer using microRNA as a marker. J Mol Med 2010;88:709-17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou L, Liu J, Luo F. Serum tumor markers for detection of hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol 2006;12:1175-81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou SL, Wang LD. Circulating microRNAs: novel biomarkers for esophageal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2010;16:2348-54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zurita M, Lara PC, del Moral R, et al. Hypermethylated 14-3-3-sigma and ESR1 gene promoters in serum as candidate biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment efficacy of breast cancer metastasis. BMC Cancer 2010;10:217.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jain PharmaBiotech, Basel, Switzerland

    Kewal K. Jain MD, FRACS, FFPM

Authors
  1. Kewal K. Jain MD, FRACS, FFPM
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jain, K.K. (2014). Biomarkers of Cancer. In: Applications of Biotechnology in Oncology. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9245-0_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation