Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Trauma

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pediatric and Adolescent Urologic Imaging

Abstract

Trauma-related injuries are the leading cause of death in children older than 1 year old. Injuries are responsible for approximately 20,000 deaths in children a year in the United States [1]. Pediatric trauma is twofold as prevalent in boys than girls across all ages [2]. Pediatric injuries typically occur from falls and bicycle and motor vehicle accidents. These types of injuries typically result in a blunt trauma, which account for 80–90 % of all pediatric traumas. Incidence of penetrating trauma secondary to assault increases in teenage boys [2].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

MVA:

Motor vehicle accident

AAST:

American Association for Surgery of Trauma

RBC:

Red blood cells

UA:

Urinalysis

US:

Ultrasonography

UPJ:

Ureteropelvic junction

IVP:

Intravenous pyelogram

RGP:

Retrograde pyelogram

IP:

Intraperitoneal

EP:

Extraperitoneal

RUG:

Retrograde urethrogram

References

  1. Alterman DMR, Daley BM, Kennedy AM, Raju R, Lee S. Considerations in pediatric trauma. In: Geibel J, editor. 2011. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/435031-overview.

  2. Guice KS, Cassidy LD, Oldham KT. Traumatic injury and children: a national assessment. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 2007;63(Suppl):S68–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Figler BD, Webman R, Ramey C, Kaye J, Patrick E, Kirsch A, et al. Pediatric adrenal trauma in the 21st century: children’s hospital of atlanta experience. J Urol. 2011;186(1):248–51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Mehrazin R, Derweesh IH, KINcade MC, Thomas AC, Gold R, Wake RW. Adrenal trauma: Elvis Presley Memorial Trauma Center experience. Urology (Internet). 2007;70(5):851–5. Available from http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S009042950701816X.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Burks DW, Mirvis SE, Shanmuganathan K. Acute adrenal injury after blunt abdominal trauma: CT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158(3):503–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Sivit CJ, Ingram JD, Taylor GA, Bulas DI, Kushner DC, Eichelberger MR. Posttraumatic adrenal hemorrhage in children: CT findings in 34 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992;158(6):1299–302.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Pinto A, Scaglione M, Guidi G, Farina R, Acampora C, Romano L. Role of multidetector row computed tomography in the assessment of adrenal gland injuries. Eur J Radiol. 2006;59(3):355–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Abdu A, Kriss V, Bada H, Reynolds E. Adrenal hemorrhage in a newborn. Am J Perinatol. 2009;26(08):553–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Rathaus V, Pomeranz A, Shapiro-Feinberg M, Zissin R. Isolated severe renal injuries after minimal blunt trauma to the upper abdomen and flank: CT findings. Emerg Radiol. 2004;10(4):190–2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. He B, Lin T, Wei G, He D, Li X. Management of blunt renal trauma: an experience in 84 children. Int Urol Nephrol. 2011;43(4):937–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Broghammer JA, Langenburg SE, Smith SJ, Santucci RA. Pediatric blunt renal trauma: its conservative management and patterns of associated injuries. Urology. 2006;67(4):823–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Molina Escudero R, Cancho Gil MJ, Husillos Alonso A, Lledo Garcia E, Herranz Amo F, Ogaya Pinies G, et al. Traumatic rupture of horseshoe kidney. Urol Int. 2012;88(1):112–14.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hannay RS, Dente CJ, Nicholas JM, Wyrzykowski AD, Feliciano DV. Trauma to a horseshoe kidney. Am Surg. 2010;76(6):E54–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Dominguez K, Ekeh AP. Blunt trauma causing transection of a horseshoe kidney. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 2011;71(2):517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Chopra P, St-Vil D, Yazbeck S. Blunt renal trauma[mdash]blessing in disguise? J Pediatr Surg. 2002;37(5):779–82.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Horstman WG, McClennan BL, Heiken JP. Comparison of computed tomography and conventional cystography for detection of traumatic bladder rupture. Urol Radiol. 1991;12(4):188–93.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Yeung LL, Brandes SB. Contemporary management of renal trauma: differences between urologists and trauma surgeons. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2012;72(1):68–75. discussion75–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Buckley JC, McAninch JW. Pediatric renal injuries: management guidelines from a 25-year experience. J Urol. 2004;172(2):687–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Raz O, Haifler M, Copel L, Lang E, Abu-Kishk I, Eshel G, et al. Use of adult criteria for slice imaging may limit unnecessary radiation exposure in children presenting with hematuria and blunt abdominal trauma. Urology. 2011;77(1):187–90.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Santucci RA, Langenburg SE, Zachareas MJ. Traumatic hematuria in children can be evaluated as in adults. J Urol. 2004;171(2 Pt 1):822–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Kekelidze M, Dwarkasing RS, Dijkshoorn ML, Sikorska K, Verhagen PCMS, Krestin GP. Kidney and urinary tract imaging: triple-bolus multidetector CT urography as a one-stop shop–protocol design, opacification, and image quality analysis. Radiology. 2010;255(2):508–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bent C, Iyngkaran T, Power N, Matson M, Hajdinjak T, Buchholz N, et al. Urological injuries following trauma. Clin Radiol. 2008;63(12):1361–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Dunfee BL, Lucey BC, Soto JA. Development of renal scars on CT after abdominal trauma: does grade of injury matter? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008;190(5): 1174–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Malcolm JB, Derweesh IH, Mehrazin R, DiBlasio CJ, Vance DD, Joshi S, et al. Nonoperative management of blunt renal trauma: is routine early follow-up imaging necessary? BMC Urol. 2008;8(1):11.

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Lee YJ, Oh SN, Rha SE, Byun JY. Renal trauma. Radiol Clin North Am. 2007;45(3):581–92.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Blankenship JC, Gavant ML, Cox CE, Chauhan RD, Gingrich JR. Importance of delayed imaging for blunt renal trauma. World J Surg. 2001;25(12):1561–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Moog R, Becmeur F, Dutson E, Chevalier-Kauffmann I, Sauvage P, Brunot B. Functional evaluation by quantitative dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy after kidney trauma in children. J Urol. 2003;169(2):641–4.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Heyns CF. Renal trauma: indications for imaging and surgical exploration. BJU Int. 2004;93(8):1165–70.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Helmy TE, Sarhan OM, Harraz AM, Dawaba M. Complexity of non-iatrogenic ureteral injuries in children: single-center experience. Int Urol Nephrol. 2010;43(1):1–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Brandes S, Coburn M, Armenakas N, McAninch J. Diagnosis and management of ureteric injury: an evidence-based analysis. BJU Int. 2004;94(3):277–89.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Best C, Petrone P, Buscarini M, Demiray S, Kuncir E, Kimbrell B, et al. Traumatic ureteral injuries: a single institution experience validating the american association for the surgery of trauma-organ injury scale grading scale. J Urol. 2005;173(4):1202–5.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Elliott SP, McAninch JW. Ureteral injuries from external violence: the 25-year experience at San Francisco General Hospital. J Urol. 2003;170(4 Pt 1):1213–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Ghali AM, El Malik EM, Ibrahim AI, Ismail G, Rashid M. Ureteric injuries: diagnosis, management, and outcome. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 1999;46(1):150–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Tarman GJ, Kaplan GW, Lerman SL, McAleer IM, Losasso BE. Lower genitourinary injury and pelvic fractures in pediatric patients. Urology. 2002;59(1):123–6. discussion 126.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Burke CJ, Thomas RH, Owens E, Howlett D. The role of plain films in imaging major trauma. Br J Hosp Med (Lond). 2010;71(11):612–18.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Quagliano PV, Delair SM, Malhotra AK. Diagnosis of blunt bladder injury: a prospective comparative study of computed tomography cystography and conventional retrograde cystography. J Trauma Inj Infect Crit Care. 2006;61(2):410–21. discussion 421–2.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Deck AJ, Shaves S, Talner L, Porter JR. Computerized tomography cystography for the diagnosis of traumatic bladder rupture. J Urol. 2000;164(1):43–6.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Peng MY, Parisky YR, Cornwell 3rd EE, Radin R, Bragin S. CT cystography versus conventional cystography in evaluation of bladder injury. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999;173(5):1269–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Chan DPN, Abujudeh HH, Cushing GLJ, Novelline RA. CT cystography with multiplanar reformation for suspected bladder rupture: experience in 234 cases. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006;187(5):1296–302.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Metcalfe PD, Casale AJ, Kaefer MA, Misseri R, Dussinger AM, Meldrum KK, et al. Spontaneous bladder perforations: a report of 500 augmentations in children and analysis of risk. J Urol. 2006;175(4):1466–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. DeFoor W, Tackett L, Minevich E, Wacksman J, Sheldon C. Risk factors for spontaneous bladder perforation after augmentation cystoplasty. Urology. 2003;62(4):737–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Pichler R, Fritsch H, Skradski V, Horninger W, Schlenck B, Rehder P, et al. Diagnosis and management of pediatric urethral injuries. Urol Int. 2012;89(2):136–42.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Perry MO, Husmann DA. Urethral injuries in female subjects following pelvic fractures. J Urol. 1992;147(1):139–43.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Koraitim MM. Posttraumatic posterior urethral strictures in children: a 20-year experience. J Urol. 1997;157(2):641–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Buckley JC, McAninch JW. Use of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of testicular injuries in blunt scrotal trauma. J Urol. 2006;175(1):175–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Pogorelić Z, Jurić I, Biočić M, Furlan D, Budimir D, Todorić J, et al. Management of testicular rupture after blunt trauma in children. Pediatr Surg Int. 2011;27(8):885–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Buckley JC, McAninch JW. Diagnosis and management of testicular ruptures. Urol Clin North Am. 2006;33(1):111–16. vii.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Bhatt S, Dogra VS. Role of US in testicular and scrotal Trauma1. Radiographics. 2008;28(6):1617–29.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Simhan J, Rothman J, Carter D, Reyes J, Jaffe W, Pontari M, et al. Gunshot wounds to the scrotum: a large single-institutional 20-year experience. BJU Int. 2012;109(11):1704–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Phonsombat S, Master VA, McAninch JW. Penetrating external genital trauma: a 30-year single institution experience. J Urol. 2008;180(1):192–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Vanni JA, Wessells H. Injuries to the urogenital tract. In: Ashley SW, editors. ACS surgery. 2013. http://www.acssurgery.com/acssurgery/institutional/tableOfContent.action#.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pediatric Urology, Riley Hospital for Children, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA

    Benjamin Whittam MD & Mark Cain MD

  2. Department of Pediatric Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Riley Hospital for Children at IU Health, 705 Riley Hospital Drive, Suite 1053, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA

    Boaz Karmazyn MD

Authors
  1. Benjamin Whittam MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Boaz Karmazyn MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Mark Cain MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark Cain MD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Pediatric Urology Department, Cohen Children’s Medical Center of New York, Long Island, New York, USA

    Lane S. Palmer

  2. Pediatric and Adolescent Urology Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

    Jeffrey S. Palmer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Whittam, B., Karmazyn, B., Cain, M. (2014). Trauma. In: Palmer, L., Palmer, J. (eds) Pediatric and Adolescent Urologic Imaging. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8654-1_20

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8654-1_20

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8653-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8654-1

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation