Abstract
Shifts in the global economy have placed more pressure on the decisions of employees, managers, and CEOs than ever before. At the same time, the proliferation of technology in the workplace has become ubiquitous. Fortunately, the assessment center method is evolving alongside these other trends. With just a few modifications to existing assessment center simulations, we can use newer technology to capture previously difficult to observe behaviors that tap directly into candidate’s decision making processes. By combining passive data logging of key strokes and mouse clicks, eye tracking, and physiological responses such as skin conductivity, we are able to capture behaviors in real time that can be used to supplement traditional assessor ratings. Doing so allows assessors to compile a more accurate and holistic summary of a candidate’s performance. This wealth of new behavioral information has implications for high stakes hiring decisions as well as targeted training and development.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
We are also implying that over time, or by virtue of incumbent validity studies, a normative sample could be collected with which to provide feedback on decisional strategies relative to the average employee, average expert, and the like. We also recommend benchmarking such data against industry, role, etc.
- 2.
The authors wish to thank George C. Thornton, III for his input on this matter.
References
Abelson, R. P., & Black, J. B. (1986). Introduction. In J. A. Galambos, R. P. Abelson & J. B. Black (Eds.), Knowledge structures (pp. 1–18). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Bettman, J. R., & Park, C. W. (1980). Effects of prior knowledge and experience and phase of the choice process on consumer decision processes: A protocol analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 7(3), 234–248.
Bruine de Bruin, W., Parker, A. M., & Fischoff, B. (2007). Individual differences in adult decision-making competence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 938–956.
Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive Psychology, 4, 55–81.
Cook, G. J., & Swain, M. R. (1993). A computerized approach to decision process tracing for decision support systems design. Decision Science, 24, 683–697.
Corporate Leadership Council (2005). Trends in developmental assessment centers. http://www.scribd.com/doc/57017184/Trends-in-Developmental-Assessment-Centers. Accessed 1 Dec 2011.
Dean, M. A., Roth, P. L., & Bobko, P. (2008). Ethnic and gender subgroup differences in assessment center ratings: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(3), 685.
Dilchert, S., & Ones, D. S. (2009). Assessment center dimensions: Individual differences correlates and meta-analytic incremental validity. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 17(3), 254–270.
Driskell, J. E., Salas, E., & Hall, J. K. (1994). The effect of vigilant and hypervigilant decision training on performance. In Annual Meeting of the Society of Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Nashville.
Duchowski, A. (2007). Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice (2nd Edition). London: Springer.
Edwards, W., & Fasolo, B. (2001). Decision technology. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 581–606.
Einhorn, H. J., & Hogarth, R. M. (1981). Behavioral decision theory: Processes of judgment and choice. Annual Review of Psychology, 32, 53–88.
Evans, M. (2012). The key lessons from RIM’s struggles. Forbes. From http://www.forbes.com/sites/markevans/2012/07/04/key-lessons-from-rim/. Accessed 1 Mar 2013.
Farr, J. L. (1973). Response requirements and primacy-recency effects in a simulated selection interview. Journal of Applied Psychology, 57(3), 228–232.
Ferreira, M. B., Garcia-Marques, L., Sherman, S. J., & Sherman, J. W. (2006).Automatic and controlled components of judgment and decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 797.
Figner, B., & Murphy, R. O. (2011). Using skin conductance in judgment and decision making research. In M. Schulte-Mecklenbeck, A. Kuehberger & R. Ranyard (Eds.), A handbook of process tracing methods for decision research: A critical review and user’s guide (pp. 163–184). New York: Psychology Press.
Ford, J. K., Schmitt, N., Schechtman, S. L., Hults, B. M., & Doherty, M. L. (1989). Process tracing methods: Contributions, problems, and neglected research questions. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 43, 75–117.
Gibbons, A. M., Hughes, D., Riley, P., Thornton, G. C., & Sanchez, D. (2013). Is the future here? Current uses and perceived benefits of technology in operational assessment centers Unpublished Manuscript.
Hammond, K. R. (1996). Human judgment and social policy: Irreducible uncertainty, inevitable error, unavoidable injustice. USA: Oxford University Press.
Hammond, K. R., Hamm, R. M., Grassia, J., & Pearson, T. (1997). Direct comparison of the efficacy of intuitive and analytical cognition in expert judgment. In W. M. Goldstein & R. M. Hogarth (Eds.), Research on judgment and decision making: Currents, connections, and controversies (pp. 144–180). Cambridge series on judgment and decision making. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hayes-Roth, B. (1977).Evolution of cognitive structures and processes. Psychological Review, 84(3), 260.
Highhouse, S. (1997). Understanding and improving job-finalist choice: The relevance of behavioral decision research. Human Resource Management Review, 7(4), 449–470.
Huber, J., Payne, J. W., & Puto, C. (1982). Adding asymmetrically dominated alternatives: Violations of regularity and the similarity hypothesis. Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 90–98.
Hughes, D., Riley, P., Shalfrooshan, A., Gibbons, A., Thornton, G. (2012). A global survey of assessment center practices. A research report by a & dc and Colorado State University.
International Task Force on Assessment Center Guidelines (2009). Guidelines and ethical considerations for assessment center operations. International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 17, 243–253.
Jacoby, J., Mazursky, D., Troutman, T., Kuss, A. (1984). When feedback is ignored: Disutility of outcome feedback. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3), 531–545.
Jasper, J. D., & Shapiro, J. (2002). MouseTrace: A better mousetrap for catching decision processes. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34, 364–374.
Johnston, J. H., Driskell, J. E., & Salas, E. (1997). Vigilant and hypervigilant decision making. Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(4), 614–622.
Kirschenbaum, S. S. (1992). Influence of experience on information-gathering strategies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 77(3), 343–352.
Klein, J. D. (1997). ETR & D-Development: An analysis of content and survey of future direction. Educational Technology Research and Development, 45(3), 57–62.
Koop, G. J., & Johnson, J. G. (2011). Response dynamics: A new window in the decision process. Judgment and Decision Making, 6(8), 750–758.
Lievens, F. (2008). What does exercise-based assessment really mean? Industrial and Organizational Psychology: Perspectives on Science and Practice, 1(1), 112–115.
Lievens, F., & Schollaert, E. (2011). Reshaping exercise design in assessment centers: Theory, practice, and research. In N. Povah & G. C. Thornton III (Eds.), Assessment centres and global talent management (pp. 47–60). Surrey, UK: Gower.
Lievens, F., Tett, R. P., & Schleicher, D. J. (2009). Assessment centers at the crossroads: Toward a reconceptualization of assessment center exercises. Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 28, 99–152.
Mann, L., Harmoni, R., & Power, C. (1991). The GOFER course in decision making. In J. Baron & R. V. Brown (Eds.), Teaching decision making to adolescents (pp. 61–78). Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
McGregor, J. (2012). In cruise ship sinking, leadership failures from captain to Carnival CEO. The Washington Post Online. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-leadership/post/in-cruise-ship-sinking-leadership-failures-from-captain-to-carnival-ceo/2011/04/01/gIQACNtkAQ_blog.html. Accessed 1 Feb 2012.
Miller, C. C., & Kopytoff, V. G. (2011). Once a leader, Yahoo now struggles to find its way. The New York Times Online. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/08/technology/once-a-leader-yahoo-now-struggles-to-find-its-way.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. Accessed 1 Mar 2012.
Miller, J. W., & Rowe, P. M. (1967). Influence of favorable and unfavorable information upon assessment decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51(5), 432–435.
National Bureau of Economic Research. (2008). Determination of the December 2007 peak in economic activity. National Bureau of Economic Research. From http://www.nber.org/cycles/dec2008.pdf. Accessed 1 Nov 2011.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977).Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84(3), 231.
Nisbett, R. E., Zukier, H., & Lemley, R. E. (1981). The dilution effect: Nondiagnostic information weakens the implications of diagnostic information. Cognitive Psychology, 13(2), 248–277.
Onken, J., Hastie, R., & Revelle, W. (1985). Individual differences in the use of simplification strategies in a complex decision-making task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11(1), 14–27.
Patrick, J., & James, N. (2004). Process tracing of complex cognitive work tasks. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 259–280.
Payne, J. W. (1976). Task complexity and contingent processing in decision making: An informational search and protocol analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16, 366–387.
Payne, J. W. (1982). Contingent decision behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 92(2), 382–402.
Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R., & Johnson, E. J. (1993). The adaptive decision maker. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Payne, J. W., Braunstein, M. L., & Carroll, J. S. (1978). Exploring predecisional behavior: An alternative approach to decision research. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 22(1), 17–44.
Perrin, B. M., Barnett, B. J., Walrath, L., & Grossman, J. D. (2001). Information order and outcome framing: An assessment of judgment bias in a naturalistic decision-making context. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 43(2), 227–238.
Povah, N., & Thornton, G. C. III. (2011). Assessment centers and global talent management. Surrey, UK: Gower Publishing Limited.
Reynolds, D. H., & Dickter, D. N. (2010). Technology and employee selection. In J. L. Farr & N. T. Tippins (Eds.), Handbook of employee selection. New York: Psychology Press.
Reynolds, D. H., & Rupp, D. E. (2010). Advances in technology-facilitated assessment. In J. C. Scott & D. H. Reynolds (Eds.), Handbook of workplace assessment: Evidence-based practices for selecting and developing organizational talent (pp. 609–641). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Riedl, R., Brandstätter, E., & Roithmayr, R. (2008). Identifying decision strategies: A process- and outcome-based classification method. Behavioral Research Methods, 40(3), 795–807.
Rigney, J. W., & DeBow, C. H. (1967). Multidimensional scaling analysis of decision strategies in threat evaluation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51(4), 305–310.
Rowe, P. M. (1967). Order effects in assessment decisions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 51(2), 170–173.
Rupp, D. E., Gibbons, A. M., & Snyder, L. A. (2008). The role of technology in enabling third-generation training and development. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 1(4), 496–500.
Russo, J. E. (2011). Eye fixation as a process trace. In M. Schulte-Mecklenbeck, A. Kühberger & R. Ranyard (Eds.), A handbook of process tracing methods for decision research: A critical review and user’s guide (pp. 43–64). New York: Psychology Press.
Schleicher, D. J., Day, D. V., Mayes, B. T., & Riggio, R. E. (2002). A new frame for Frame-of-Reference Training: Enhancing the construct validity of assessment centers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 735–746.
Sherer, P. D., Schwab, D. P., & Heneman, H. G. III (1987). Managerial salary-raise decisions: A policy-capturing approach. Personnel Psychology, 40, 27–38.
Simon, Z. (2012). Malev airline stops services after 66 years as Hungary moves to cut losses. Bloomberg Online. From http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012–02-03/malev-stops-flying-after-66-years-as-hungary-cuts-its-losses.html. Accessed 1 Mar 2012.
Simonson, I. (1989). Choice based on reasons: The case of attraction and compromise effects. Journal of Consumer Research, 16, 158–174.
Sims, H. P., & Gioia, D. A. (1986). The thinking organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Soll, J. B., & Larrick, R. P. (2009). Strategies for revising judgment: How (and how well) people use others’ opinions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory,and Cognition, 35(3), 780.
Spector, M., & Trachtenberg, J. A. (2011). Borders forced to liquidate, close all stores. The Wall Street Journal Online. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702303661904576454353768550280.html. Accessed 1 Jan 2013.
Starbuck, W. H., & Milliken, F. (1988). Executives’ perceptual filters: What they notice and how they make sense. In D. Hambrick (Ed.), The executive effect: Concepts and methods of studying top managers (pp. 35–65). Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Svenson, O. (1979). Process descriptions of decision making. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 23, 86–112.
Tabatabai, M. (1998). Investigation of decision making process: A hypermedia approach. Interacting With Computers, 9, 385–396.
Tetlock, P. E., & Boettger, R. (1989). Accountability: A social magnifier of the dilution effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(3), 388.
Thorngate, W. (1980). Efficient decision heuristics. Behavioral Science, 25(3), 219–225.
Thornton, G. C. III, & Mueller-Hanson, R. (2004). Developing organizational simulations: A guide for practitioners and students. Series in applied psychology. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Thornton, G. C. III, & Rupp, D. E. (2006). Assessment centers in human resource management: Strategies for prediction, diagnosis, and development. Mahawah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Walsh, J. P. (1995). Managerial and organizational cognition: Notes from a trip down memory lane. Organizational Science, 6(3), 280–321.
Wang, J. T. Y. (2011). Pupil dilation and eye tracking. In M. Schulte-Mecklenbeck, A. Kühberger & R. Ranyard (Eds.), A handbook of process tracing methods for decision research: A critical review and user’s guide (pp. 185–204). New York: Psychology Press.
Worthen, B. (2012). H-P, Dell struggle as buyers shun PCs. The Wall Street Journal Online. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390444812704577605703329715394.html. Accessed 1 Mar 2012.
Zakay, D., & Wooler, S. (1984). Time pressure, training and decision effectiveness. Ergonomics, 27(3), 273–284.
Zukier, H. (1982).The dilution effect: The role of the correlation and the dispersion of predictor variables in the use of nondiagnostic information. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(6), 1163.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the SIOP Foundation’s Douglas W. Bray and Ann Howard Research Grant. The authors would like to thank Carolyn Jagacinski and James LeBreton for helpful feedback.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guidry, B., Rupp, D., Lanik, M. (2013). Tracing Cognition with Assessment Center Simulations: Using Technology to See in the Dark. In: Fetzer, M., Tuzinski, K. (eds) Simulations for Personnel Selection. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7681-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7681-8_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7680-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7681-8
eBook Packages: Behavioral ScienceBehavioral Science and Psychology (R0)