Abstract
Forest canopies are often called the “eighth continent of planet Earth” (Wilson 2005) due to their complexity and enormous biodiversity. With the explosion of canopy exploration over the last two decades (Lowman 1999; Lowman and Rinker 2004b), made possible by the simultaneous development of safe single- and doubled-rope tree climbing techniques (SRT/DRT), canopy researchers have confirmed that a large portion of global biodiversity inhabits the treetops (Lowman and Rinker 2004b). Ascent into the treetops is critical to answering scientific questions about forests, biodiversity, and ecology.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alves RC, Soares C, Casal S, Fernandes J, Oliveira MP (2010) Acrylamide in espresso coffee: influence of species, roast degree and brew length. Food Chem 119(3):929–934
Bergelson JM, Kitching RL, Lowman MD, McIntyre S (1993) The biodiversity of arthropods from Australian rainforest canopies: general introduction, methods, sites, and ordinal results. Aust J Ecol 18:181–191
Budryn G, Nebesny E, Podsedek A, Żyźelewicz D, Materska M, Jankowski S, Janda B (2009) Effects of different extraction methods on the recovery of chlorogenic acids, caffeine, and Maillard reaction products in coffee beans. Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung Und-Forschung A, Eur Food Res Technol 228(6):913–922
Burgstahler S (2009) Application of Universal Design to a Science Lab. DO-IT, University of Washington. http://www.washington.edu/doit/. Accessed 24 Mar 2010
CBS (2002) http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2002/10/18/sunday/main526192.shtml. Accessed 24 Mar 2010
Chludil HD, Vilarino MDP, Franco ML, Leicach SR (2009) Changes in Lupinus albus and Lupinus angustifolius alkaloid profiles in response to mechanical damage. J Agric Food Chem 57(14):5107–5113
Ernest KA, Lowman MD, Rinker HB, Shaw DC (2006) Stand-level Herbivory in an Old-Growth Conifer Forest Canopy. Western North Amer Nat 66(4):473–481
Erwin TL (1982) Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. Coleopt Bull 36:74–75
Ferreres F, Pereira DM, Valentao P, Oliveira JMA, Faria J, Gaspar L, Sottomayor M, Andrade PB (2010) Simple and reproducible HPLC-DAD-ESI-MS/MS analysis of alkaloids in Catharanthus roseus roots. J Pharm Biomed Anal 51(1):65–69
Gathright J, Yamada Y, Morita M (2008) Tree-assisted therapy: therapeutic and societal benefits from purpose-specific technical recreational tree-climbing programs. Arboric Urb For 34:222–229
Jönnson KI, Rabbow E, Schill RO, Harms-Ringdahl M, Rettberg P (2008) Tardigrades survive exposure to space in low earth orbit. Curr Biol 18(17):729–731
Kinchin IM (1994) The biology of tardigrades. Portland Press, London
Li B, Qi L, Wen X, Cao J, Li P, Zeng J, Yang H, Zhao J, Hu R (2009) Rapid and sensitive analysis of tannins and monotrepene glycosides in radix paeoniae alba products by HPLC-MS. J Liq Chrom and Rel Tec 32(15):2232–2245
Lowman MD. (1983*) Rain forest insects and their host plants. Biology in Action (Australian newsletter)
Lowman MD (1985) Temporal and spatial variability in insect grazing of the canopies of five Australian rain forest tree species. Aust J Ecol 10:7–24
Lowman MD (1999) Life in the treetops. Yale University Press, New Haven
Lowman MD, Box JD (1983) Variation in leaf toughness and phenolic content among five species of Australian rain forest trees. Aust J Ecol 8:17–25
Lowman MD, Heatwole HE (1992) Spatial and temporal variability in defoliation of Australian eucalypts and its consequence for the dieback syndrome. Ecology 73(1):129–142
Lowman MD, Rinker HB (eds) (2004a) Forest canopies. Elsevier Academic, San Diego
Lowman MD, Rinker HB (2004b) Insect herbivory in tropical forests. In: Lowman MD, Rinker HB (eds) Forest canopies. Elsevier Press, San Diego
Lowman MD, Selman BJ (1983) The biology and herbivory rates of Novacastria nothofagi Selman (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a new genus and species on Nothofagus moorei in Australian temperate rain forests. Aust J Zool 31:179–191
Miller WR (1997) Tardigrades: bears of the moss. Kans Sch Nat 43:1–16
Miller WR (2004) Tardigrades: moss bears in the canopy. In: Lowman MD, Rinker HB (eds) Forest canopies. Elsevier Press, San Diego
Mitchell C, Miller WR, Davis B (2009) Tardigrades of North America: influence of substrate on habitat selection. J Pa Acad Sci 83(1):10–16
NSF (2009) Women, minorities and persons with disabilities in science and engineering. NSF, Arlington, 284 pp
Pereira D, Faria J, Gaspar L, Valentao P, Guedes de Pinho P, Andrade P (2009) Boerhaavia diffusa: Metabolite profiling of a medicinal plant from nyctaginaceae. Food Chem Toxicol 47(8):2142–2149
Preisser E, Lowman MD, Smith D (1999) Canopy and ground level insect distribution in a temperate forest. Selbyana 19(2):141–146
Ramazzotti G, Maucci W (1983) Il Phylum Tardigrada (third Edition) Memorie dell’Istituto Italiano di Idrobiologia Marco Marchi, vol 41. p. 1–1012
Shaw DC, Ernest KA, Rinker HB, Lowman MD (2006) Stand-level herbivory in an old-growth conifer forest canopy. West North Am Nat 66(4):473–481
Wang Z, Li D, Zhou Z, Li B & Yang W (2009) A simple method for screening and quantification of ricinine in feed with HPLC and LC-MS. J Chrom Sci 47(7):585–588
Wilson EO (2005) The future of life. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Acknowledgments
This project was supported by NSF grant DBI: REU:115650.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Miller, W.R., Lowman, M., McCord, E. (2013). In the Canopy with Wheelchairs: A Model for Teaching Field Biology. In: Lowman, M., Devy, S., Ganesh, T. (eds) Treetops at Risk. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_33
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7161-5_33
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-7160-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-7161-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)