Skip to main content

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hallucinations

Abstract

Cognitive-behavioral therapy has a well-established track record that proves its efficacy, effectiveness, and cost-effectiveness for verbal auditory hallucinations. The effect sizes are small to medium-sized and in need of further improvement. The work that is currently going on is aimed at the further development of the cognitive model of hallucinations, which will hopefully allow for more targeted interventions to be developed and tested. Recently, a number of techniques have been developed that do not primarily focus on the content of thoughts and thinking styles but rather on emotional processing and the acceptance of persistent symptoms by finding a decentered perspective that gives room for recommitting to valuable personal goals and social roles in the community.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aghotor J., Pfueller U., Moritz S., Weisbrod M., Roesch-Ely, D. (2010). Metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia (MCT): Feasibility and preliminary evidence for its efficacy. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41, 207–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, A.T. (1952). Successful outpatient psychotherapy of a chronic schizophrenic with a delusion based on borrowed guilt. Psychiatry, 15, 305–312.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birchwood, M., Chadwick P. (1997). The omnipotence of voices: Testing the validity of a cognitive model. Psychological Medicine, 27, 1345–1353.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birchwood, M., Gilbert, P., Gilbert, J., Trower, P., Meaden, A., Hay, J., Murray, E., Miles, J.N.V. (2004). Interpersonal and role-related schema influence the relationship with the dominant ‘voice’ in schizophrenia: A comparison of three models. Psychological Medicine, 34, 1571–1580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birchwood, M., Meaden, A., Trower, P., Gilbert, P., Plaistow, J. (2000). The power and omnipotence of voices: subordination and entrapment by voices and significant others. Psychological Medicine, 30, 337–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birchwood, M., Trower, P. (2006a). Cognitive therapy for command hallucinations: Not a quasi-neuroleptic. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 36, 1–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Birchwood, M., Trower, P. (2006b). The future of cognitive-behavioural therapy for psychosis: Not a quasi-neuroleptic. British Journal of Psychiatry, 188, 107–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Birchwood, M., Trower, P., Brunet, K., Gilbert, P., Iqbal, Z., Jackson, C. (2007). Social anxiety and the shame of psychosis: A study in first episode psychosis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 1025–1037.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brewin, C.R. (2006). Understanding cognitive behaviour therapy: A retrieval competition account. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 765–784.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brunelin, J., D’Amato, T., Brun, P., Bediou, B., Kallel, L., Senn, M., Poulet, E., Saoud, M. (2007). Impaired verbal source monitoring in schizophrenia: An intermediate trait vulnerability marker? Schizophrenia Research, 89, 287–292.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carter, D.M., Mackinnon, A., Copolov, D.L. (1996). Patients’ strategies for coping with auditory hallucinations. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 184, 159–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chadwick, P., Hughes, S., Russell, D., Russell, I., Dagnan, D. (2009). Mindfulness groups for distressing voices and paranoia: A replication and randomized feasibility trial. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 403–412.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P.W., Storzbach, D.M. (1993). Behavioral interventions for alleviating psychotic symptoms. Psychiatric Services, 44, 341–347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, G.D., Gustafson, G.J. (1968). Controlling auditory hallucinations. Psychiatric Services, 19, 327–329.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fannon, D., Hayward, P., Thompson, N., Green, N., Surguladze, S., Wykes, T. (2009). The self or the voice? Relative contributions of self-esteem and voice appraisal in persistent auditory hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research, 112, 174–180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farhall, J., Greenwood, K.M., Jackson, H.J. (2007). Coping with hallucinated voices in schizophrenia: A review of self-initiated strategies and therapeutic interventions. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 476–493.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, J.M., Mathalon, D.H. (2005). Corollary discharge dysfunction in schizophrenia: Can it explain auditory hallucinations? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 58, 179–189.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, P. (2009). Introducing compassion-focused therapy. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 15, 199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, P., Birchwood, M., Gilbert, J., Trower, P., Hay, J., Murray, B. et al. (2001). An exploration of evolved mental mechanisms for dominant and subordinate behaviour in relation to auditory hallucinations in schizophrenia and critical thoughts in depression. Psychological Medicine, 31, 1117–1127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, L.N. (1948). Verbal hallucinations and activity of vocal musculature; an electromyographic study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 105, 367–372.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heilbrun, A.B.J. (1980). Impaired recognition of self-expressed thought in patients with auditory hallucinations. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 89, 728–736.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honig, A., Romme, M.A., Ensink, B.J., Escher, S.D., Pennings, M.H., DeVries, M.W. (1998). Auditory hallucinations: A comparison between patients and nonpatients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186, 646–651.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S.R. (2010). Do we need multiple models of auditory verbal hallucinations? Examining the phenomenological fit of cognitive and neurological models. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 566–575.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, C., Jones, J., Cooper, M. (2010). Hearing voices in a non-psychiatric population. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 38, 363–373.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mawson, A., Cohen, K., Berry K. (2010). Reviewing evidence for the cognitive model of auditory hallucinations: The relationship between cognitive voice appraisals and distress during psychosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 248–258.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew, S.L., Gilbert, P. (2008). Compassionate mind training with people who hear malevolent voices: A case series report. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 15, 113–138.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuigan, F.J. (1966). Covert oral behavior and auditory hallucinations. Psychophysiology, 3, 73–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moritz, S., Woodward, T.S. (2007). Metacognitive training in schizophrenia: From basic research to knowledge translation and intervention. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 20, 619–625.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nayani, T.H., David, A.S. (1996). The auditory hallucination: A phenomenological survey. Psychological Medicine, 26, 177–189.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • NICE (2009). Schizophrenia: Core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in the primary and secondary care: Update. Edited by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). http://www.nice.org.uk/CG82, retrieved May 30, 2011.

  • Pantelis, C., Barnes, T.R. (1996). Drug strategies and treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30, 20–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, B., Fowler, D.G., Freeman, D., Bebbington, P., Bashforth, H., Garety, P., Dunn, G., Kuipers, E. (2006). Emotion and psychosis: Links between depression, self-esteem, negative schematic beliefs and delusions and hallucinations. Schizophrenia Research, 86, 181–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trower, P., Birchwood, M., Meaden, A., Byrne, S., Nelson, A., Ross, K. (2004). Cognitive therapy for command hallucinations: randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 184, 312–320.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Gaag, M., Van Oosterhout, B., Daalman, K., Sommer, I., Korrelboom, K. (2010). Competitive memory training (COMET) can change appraisals of voices. Schizophrenia Research, 2–3, 159–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Os, J., Kenis, G., Rutten, B.P. (2010). The environment and schizophrenia. Nature, 468, 203–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, F.A. Badcock, J.C. (2010). First-rank symptoms in schizophrenia: Reexamining mechanisms of self-recognition. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36(3), 510–517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wells, A. (2005). Detached mindfulness in cognitive therapy: a metacognitive analysis and ten techniques. Journal of Rational-Emotive and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 23, 337–355.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mark van der Gaag Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van der Gaag, M. (2012). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy. In: Blom, J., Sommer, I. (eds) Hallucinations. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-0959-5_26

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics