Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Phylogenetic Systematics and the Early History of Mammals

  • Chapter
Mammal Phylogeny

Overview

Numerous recent authors have used phylogenetic systematics to study mammalian evolution. As a result, there have been many fundamental changes in our view of early mammalian history compared with the view of a decade ago. However, even phylogenetic analyses have produced conflicting interpretations of this history. On closer inspection, many of the conflicts may simply reflect the different samples of taxa and characters that have been brought to bear on this issue. In a series of computer parsimony analyses, different rates of evolution in the dentition, skull, and postcranium were responsible for different tree topologies that resulted when different, restricted character samples were analyzed. When sampling artifact is removed and all available character data analyzed, a highly corroborated, stable phylogeny remains, which is largely consistent with the temporal distributions of taxa recorded in the fossil record. Several patterns dominate this phylogeny. Most transformations in the head involved elaborate repackaging of an expanded brain and special sense organs, remodeling of the masticatory system, and accelerated evolution of a highly complex dentition. Postcranial evolution involved differentiation of the vertebral column and remodeling of the limbs and girdles, associated with parasagittal gait. Another pattern involved evolutionary miniaturization similar in detail to historical patterns in other miniaturized tetrapod lineages, suggesting the existence of developmental constraints common to all tetrapods. Although some of these patterns have long been recognized, others have become evident only as the effects of rate and sampling in phylogenetic analyses have become more fully understood.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alberch, P., and Alberch, J. 1981. Heterochronic mechanisms of morphological diversification and evolutionary change in the neotropical salamander Bolitoglossa occidentals (Amphibia: Plethodontidate). J. Morph. 167:249–264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allin, E.F. 1986. The auditory apparatus of advanced mammal-like reptiles and early mammals. In Ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles (Hotton N.H. III, MacLean, P.D., Roth, J.J., and Roth, E.C., eds.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution and National Institute of Mental Health, pp. 283–294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, H.M., and Cruickshank, A.R.I. 1978. The biostratigraphy of the Permian and Triassic. Part 5: A review of the classification and distribution of Permo-Triassic tetrapods. Palaeontl. Afr. 21:15–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aulie, R.P. 1974. The origin of the idea of mammal-like reptile. Parts I-III. Am. Biol. Teacher 36:476–485; 36:545–553; 37:21–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barbarena, M.C. 1974. Contribuicao ao conhecimento dos cinodontes gonfodontes (Cynodontia, Tritylodontidae) do Brasil. Ph.D. thesis, University Federal do Rio Grande del Sul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barghusen, H.R. 1986. On the evolutionary origin of the therian tensor veli palatini and tensor tympani muscles. In: Ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles (Hotton N.H. III, MacLean, P.D., Roth, J.J., and Roth E.C., eds.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution and National Institute of Mental Health, pp. 253–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barghusen, H.R., and Hopson, J. A. 1970. Dentary-squamosal joint and the origin of mammals. Science 168:573–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bonaparte, J.F. 1966. Sobre las cavidades cerebral, nasal y otras estructuras del cranio de Exaeretodon sp. (Cynodontia-Traversodontidae), Tucuman. Acta Gelogica Lilloana 8:5–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonaparte, J.F., and Rougier, G. 1987. Mamiferos del Cretácico inferior de Patagonia. IV Congreso Latinoamericano de Paleontología, Bolivia 1:343–359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bramble, D.M. 1989. Axial-appendicular dynamics and the integration of breathing and gait in mammals. Syst. Zool. 29:171–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bramble, D.M., and Jenkins, F.A. Jr. 1989. Structural and functional integration across the reptile-mammal boundary: The locomotor system. In: Complex organismal functions: Integration and evolution in vertebrates (Wake, D.B., and Roth, G., eds.). New York: John Wiley, pp. 133–146.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broom, R. 1932. The mammal-like reptiles of South Africa and the origin of mammals. London: H. F. & G. With-erby.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cifelli, R.L., and Eaton, J.G. 1987. Marsupial from the earliest late Cretaceous of western U.S. Nature 325:520–522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, J.M., and Hopson, J. A. 1985. Distinctive mammal-like reptile from Mexico and its bearing on the phylogeny of the Tritylodontidae. Nature 315:389–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cloutier, R. 1991. Patterns, trends, and rates of evolution within the Actinistia. In: Environmental biology of fishes. Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 32:23–58.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cromton, A.W. 1963. Tooth replacement in the cynodont Thrinaxodon liorhinus. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 46:479–521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crompton, A.W. 1972. Postcanine occlusion in cynodonts and tritylodontids. Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. (Geol.) 21:27–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crompton, A.W. 1989. The evolution of mammalian mastication. In: Complex organismal functions: Integration and evolution in vertebrates (Wake, D.B., and Roth, G., eds.). New York: John Wiely, pp. 23–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crompton, A.W., and Jenkins, F.A. Jr. 1973. Mammals from reptiles: A review of mammalian origins. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 1:131–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crompton, A.W., and Jenkins, F.A. Jr. 1979. Origin of mammals. In: Mesozoic mammals: The first two thirds of mammalian history (Lillegrave, J.A. Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., and Clemens, W.A., eds.). Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 59–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crompton, A.W., and Sun, A.-L. 1985. Cranial structure and relationships of the Liassic mammal Sinoconodon. Zool J. Linnean Soc. 85:99–119.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Beer, G.R. 1937. The development of the verterate skull. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Queiroz, K. 1988. Systematics and the Darwinian revolution. Philos. Sci. 55:238–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • de Queiroz, K., and Gauthier, J.A. 1990. Phylogeny as a central principle in taxonomy: Phylogenetic definitions of taxon names. Syst. Zoo. 39:307–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donoghue, M.J., Doyle, J.A., Gauthier, J., Kluge, A.G., and Rowe, T. 1989. The importance of fossils in phylogeny reconstruction. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 20:431–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, J.A., and Donoghue, M.J. 1987. The importance of fossils in elucidating seed plant phylogeny and mac roevolution. Rev. Paleobot. Palynol. 50:63–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farris, J.S. 1986. Hennig 86, version 1.5. Computer software distributed on 5-inch diskette by J.S. Farris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farris, J.S. 1989a. The retention index and the rescaled consistency index. Cladistics 5:417–419.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farris, J.S. 1989b. The retention index and homoplasy excess. Syst. Zool. 38:406–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fink, W.L. 1981. Ontogeny and phylogeny of tooth attachment modes in actinopterygian fishes. J. Morph. 167:167-184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fourie, S. 1974. The cranial morphology of Thrinaxodon liorhinus Seeley. Ann. S. Afr. Mus. 65:337–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, J.A. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. In: The origin of birds and the evolution of flight (Padian, K., ed.). Mem. Calif. Acad. Sci. 8:1–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, J.A., Cannatella, D., de Queiroz, K., Kluge, A.G., and Rowe T. 1989. Tetrapod phylogeny. In: The hierarchy of life: Molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis (Fernholm, B., Bremer, K., and Jörn vail, H., eds.). Amsterdam: Nobel Symposium 70, Excerpta Medica, pp. 337–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gauthier, J.A., Kluge, A.G., and Rowe, T. 1988. Amniote phylogeny and the importance of fossils. Cladistics 4:105–209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghiselin, M.T. 1984. “Definition,” “character,” and other equivocal terms. Syst. Zool 33:104–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gidley, J.W. 1909. Notes on the fossil mammalian genus Ptilodus, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 36:611–626.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gow, C.E. 1980. The dentitions of the Tritheledontidae (Therapsida: Cynodontia). Proc. Roy. Soc. London B208:461–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, N.S. 1989. Phylogeny and systematics of multi-tuber culate mammals. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haeckel, E. 1897. The evolution of man, vols. 1 and 2. New York: Appleton and Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hahn, G. 1973. Neue Zahne von Haramiyiden aus der deutschen Ober-Trias und ihre Beziehungen zu den Multi-tuberclaten. Palaeontographica Abt. A 142:1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hanken, J. 1983. Miniaturization and its effects on cranial morphology in plethodontid salamanders, genus Thorius (Amphibia, Plethodontidate): II. The fate of the brain and sense organs and their role in skull morphogenesis and evolution. J. Morph. 177:255–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hanken, J. 1984. Miniaturization and its effects on cranial morphology in plethodontid salamanders, genusThorius (Amphibia: Plethodontidae). I. Osteological variation. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 23:55–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harland, W.B., Armstrong, R.L., Cox.A.V., Craig, L.E., Smith, A.G., and Smith, D.G. 1990. A geological time scale 1989. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopson, J.A. 1969. The origin and adaptive radiation of mammal-like reptiles and non-therian mammals. Ann. New York Acad. Sci. 167:199–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hopson, J.A. 1984. Late Triassic traversodont cynodonts from Nova Scotia and southern Africa. Palaeontol. Afr. 25:181–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopson, J.A., and Barghusen, H.R. 1986. An analysis of therapsid relationships. In: Ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles (Hotton N.H. III, MacLean, P.D., Roth, J.J., and Roth, E.C., eds.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution and National Institute of Mental Health, pp. 83–106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopson, J.A., and Crompton, A.W. 1969. Origin of mammals. Evol. Biol. 3:15–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hopson, J.A., and Kitching, J.W. 1972. A revised classification of cynodonts. Palaeont. Afr. 14:71–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hull, D.L. 1976. Are species really individuals? Syst. Zool. 25:174–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, F.A. Jr. 1969. The evolution and development of the dens of the mammalian axis. Anat. Ree. 164:173–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, F.A. Jr. 1971. The postcranial skeleton of African cynodonts. Bull. Peabody Mus. Nat. Hist. 36:1–216.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, F.A. Jr., and McClearn, D. 1984. Mechanisms of hind foot reversal in climbing mammals. J. Morph. 182:197 219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. 1983. The physiology of tooth eruption. Birth Defects: Original Article Series 19:67–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, T. 1979. The primitive cynodont Procynosuchus: Functional anatomy of the skull and relationships. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B285:73–122.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, T. 1980. The primitive cynodont Procynosuchus: Structure, function and evolution of the posteranial skeleton. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London B288:217–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, T. 1982. Mammal-like reptiles and the Origin of mammals. London: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, T., 1983. The relationships of mammals. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London 77:353–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, T. 1988a. A note on the Mesozoic mammals, and the origin of therians. In: The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, vol. 2: Mammals (Benton, M. J., ed.). Syst. Assoc. Spec. Vol. No. 35B. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 23–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, T. 1988b. Interrelationships of the Synapsida. In: The phylogeny and classification of the tetrapods, vol. 2: Mammals (Benton, M.J., ed.). Syst. Assoc. Spec. Vol., No. 35B. Oxford: Clarendon Press, pp. 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kielan-Jaworowska, Z., Presely, R., and Poplin, C. 1986. The cranial vascular system in taeniolabidoid multituberculate mammals. Phil Trans. Roy. Soc. London B313:525–602.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kitching, J.W. 1977. The distribution of the Karroo vertebrate fauna. Mem. No. 1, Bernard Price Institute for Palaeontological Research, University of Witwatersrand, pp. 1–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kluge, A.G. 1989. A concern for evidence and a phylogenetic hypothesis of relationships among Epicrates (Boidae, Serpentes). Syst. Zool. 38:7–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krebs, B. 1987. The skeleton of a Jurassic eupantothere and the arboreal origin of modern mammals. In: Fourth symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, short papers (Currie, P.M., and Koster, E.H., eds.). Occ. Pap. No. 3., Tyrell Museum of Paleontology, Drumheller, pp. 132–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiihne, W.G. 1956. The Liassic therapsid Oligokyphys. London: Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lillegraven, J.A., Thompson, S.D., McNab, B.K., and Patton, J.L. 1987. The origin of eutherian mammals. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 32:281–336.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, L.G. 1979. Evolution of metatherian and eutherian (mammalian) characters: A review based on cladistic methodology. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London 66:369–410.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, L.G., and Corruccini, R.S. 1978. Variability, evolutionary rates, and allometry in dwarfing lineages. Paleobiology 4:101–119.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMahon, T.A., and Bonner, J.T. 1983. On size and life. New York: Scientific American Books, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miao, D., and Lillegraven, J.A. 1986. Discovery of three ear ossicles in a multituberculate mammal. Nat. Geograph. Res. 2:500–507.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mickevich, M.F., and Platnick, N.I. 1989. On the information content of classifications. Cladistics 5:33–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noble, H.W. 1969. Evolution of the mammalian periodontum. In: Biology of the Periodontum (Melcher, A.H., and Bowen, W.H., eds.). London, New York: Academic Press, pp. 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novacek, M.J. 1986. The skull of leptictid insectivorans and the higher-level classification of eutherian mammals. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 183:1–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novacek, M.J. 1989. Higher mammalian phylogeny: The morphological-molecular synthesis. In: The hierarchy of life: Molecules and morphology in phylogenetic analysis (Fernholm, B., Bremer, K., and Jornvall, H., eds.). Amsterdam: Nobel Symposium 70, Excerpta Medica, pp. 421–435.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novacek, M.J. 1990. Morphology, paleontology, and the higher clades of mammals. In: Current mammalogy, vol. 2 (Genarys, H.H., ed.). New York: Plenum, pp. 507–543.

    Google Scholar 

  • Novacek, M.J., and Wyss, A.R. 1986. Higher-level relationships of the Recent eutherian orders: Morphological evidence. Cladistics 2:257–287.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsen, P.E., and Galton, P.M. 1984. A review of the reptile and amphibian assemblages from the Stormberg of southern Africa, with special emphasis on the footprints and the age of the Stormberg. Palaeontol. Afr. 25:87–110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olson, E.C. 1959. The evolution of mammalian characters. Evolution 13:344–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, E.C. 1962. Late Permian terrestrial vertebrates, U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 52:1–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, B., and Olson, E.C. 1961. A triconodontid mammal from the Triassic of Yunnan. In: International colloquium on the evolution of lower and specialized mammals Part 1 (Vandebroek, G., ed.). Kon. Vlaamse Acad. Wetensch. Lett. Schone Kunstten Belgie, Brussels, pp. 129–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Presley, R. 1981. Alisphenoid equivalents in placentals, marsupials, monotremes and fossils. Nature 294:668–670.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prothero, D.R. 1981. New Jurassic mammals from Como Bluff, Wyoming, and the interrelationships of non-tribosphenic Theria. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. 167:280–325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reed, C.A. 1960. Polyphyletic or monophyletic ancestry of mammals, or: What is a class? Evolution 14:314–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rieppel, O. 1984. Miniaturization of the lizard skull: Its functional and evolutionary implications. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 52:503–520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, T.R. 1981. Sundasalangidae, a new family of minute freshwater salmoniform fishes from southeast Asia. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 42:295–302.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romer, A.S. 1969. Cynodont reptile with incipient mammalian jaw articulation. Science 166:881–882.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Romer, A.S. 1970. The Chanares (Argentina) Triassic reptile fauna VI. A chiniquodontid cynodont with an incipient squamosal-dentary jaw articulation. Breviora 344:1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roth, J.J., Roth, E.C., and Hotton, N. III. 1986. The parietal foramen and eye: Their function and fate in therapsids. In: Ecology and biology of mammal-like reptiles (Hotton, N.H. III, MacLean, P.D., Roth, J.J., and Roth, E.C., eds.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution and National Institute of Mental Health, pp. 173–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, T. 1986. Osteological diagnosis of Mammalia, L. 1758, and its relationship to extinct Synapsida. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, Berkeley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, T. 1987. Definition and diagnosis in the phylogenetic system. Syst. Zool. 36:208–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, T. 1988. Definition, diagnosis and origin of Mammalia. J. Vert. Paleo. 8(3):241–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, T. 1989. Skeletal ontogeny and the origin of mammals. Amer. Soc. Mammal., Abstracts to 69th Ann. Meet., pp. 34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, T. 1990. Tempo and mode in early mammalian morphogenesis. J. Vert. Paleo. 10 (Suppl. to No. 3):18A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, T., and Simmons, N. Unpublished. Early mammalian phylogeny and the effects of incompleteness on phylogenetic resolution.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sereno, P.C., and McKenna, M.C. 1990. The multituberculate clavicle and interclavicle, and the early evolution of the mammalian pectoral girdle. J. Vert. Paleon. 10 (Suppl. to No. 3):42A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sigogneau-Russell, D. 1989. Haramiyidae (Mammalia, Allo-theria) en Provenance du Trias Superieur de Lorraine (France). Palaeontographica, Abt. A. 206:137–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G.G. 1959. Mesozoic mammals and the polyphyletic origin of mammals. Evolution 13:405–414.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G.G. 1960. Diagnosis of the classes Reptilia and Mammalia. Evolution 14:388–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G.G. 1961. Evolution of Mesozoic mammals. In: International colloquium on the evolution of lower and specialized mammals. Part 1 (Vandebroek, G., ed.). Kon. Vlaamse Acad. Wetensch., Lett. Schone Kunstten Belgie, Brussels, pp. 57–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G.G. 1971. Concluding remarks. In: Early mammals (Kermack, D.M., and Kermack, K.L., eds.) Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London 50 (Suppl. 1): 181–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G.G., and Elftman, H.O. 1928. Hind limb musculature and habits of a Paleocene multituberculate. Novitates 333:1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sues, H.-D. 1985. The relationships of the Tritylodontidae (Synapsida). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. London 85:205–217.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sues, H.-D. 1986a. The skull and dentition of two tritylodontid synapsids from the Lower Jurassic of western North America. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 151:217–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sues, H.-D. 1986b. Relationships and biostratigraphic significance of the Tritylodontidae (Synapsida) from the Kayenta Formation of northeastern Arizona. In: The beginning of the age of dinosaurs (Padian, K, ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 279–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swofford, D.L. 1989. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony [PAUP], Release 3. Macintosh computer software distributed on 31/2-inch diskette by the Illinois Natural History Survey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ten Cate, A.R. 1969. The mechanism of tooth eruption. In: Biology of the Periodontum (Melcher, A.H., and Bowen, W.H., eds.). London, New York: Academic Press, pp. 91–103.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Valen, L. 1960. Therapsids as mammals. Evolution 14:304–313.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wake, D.B. 1966. Comparative osteology and evolution of the lungless salamanders, family Plethodontidae. Mem. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 4:1–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wible, J.R. 1987. The eutherian stapedial artery: Character analysis and implications for superordinal relationships. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 91:107–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wible, J.R. 1990. Petrosals of late Cretaceous marsupials from North America, and a cladistic analysis of the petrosal in therian mammals. Vert. Paleo. 10:183–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wible, J.R. 1991. Origin of Mammalia: The craniodental evidence reexamined. J. Vert. Paleont. 11:1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wible, J.R., Miao, D., and Hopson, J. A. 1990. The septomaxilla of fossil and recent synapsids and the problem of the septomaxilla of monotremes and armadillos. Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 98:203–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geological Sciences and Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory, The University of Texas at Austin, 78712, Austin, TX, USA

    Timothy Rowe

Authors
  1. Timothy Rowe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Anthropology and Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Hunter College and CUNY Graduate Center, 10021, New York, NY, USA

    Frederick S. Szalay

  2. Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, American Museum of Natural History, 10024, New York, NY, USA

    Michael J. Novacek  & Malcolm C. McKenna  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer-Verlag New York, Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rowe, T. (1993). Phylogenetic Systematics and the Early History of Mammals. In: Szalay, F.S., Novacek, M.J., McKenna, M.C. (eds) Mammal Phylogeny. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9249-1_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9249-1_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-9251-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-9249-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation