Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Schematic Bases of Belief Change

  • Chapter
Attitudinal Judgment

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Social Psychology ((SSSOC))

Abstract

It is a truism of human existence that people are seldom open-minded. We approach new situations and people, bringing to bear all our past experiences, knowledge, beliefs, and feelings about similar situations and people. For example, we go to a sporting event with a wealth of knowledge about the game, the players’ positions, and individual plays. That knowledge, which may have been gained through direct experience or secondhand sources, provides us with a variety of expectations about what will happen, who will be there, and what they will be like. It also guides our attention and interpretations of information while we are at the event and our memory of it after we leave.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, J. R., Kline, P. J., & Beasley, C.M., Jr. (1979). A general learning theory and its application to schema abstraction. In G. H. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N. H., & Hubert, S. (1963). Effects of concomitant verbal recall on order effects in personality impression formation. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 2, 379–391.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berlyne, D. E. (1970). Novelty, complexity, and hedonic value. Perception & Psychophysics, 8, 279–286.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, E., & Schul, Y. (1983). The informational basis of social judgments: Memory for integrated and nonintegrated trait descriptions. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 49–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, M. B., Dull, J., & Lui, L. (1981). Perception of the elderly: Stereotypes as prototypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 656–610.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, J. S., & Potter, M. C. (1964). Interference in visual recognition. Science, 144, 424–425.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carlston, D. E. (1980). The recall and use of traits and events in social inference processes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 16, 303–329.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cantor, N., & Mischel, W. (1979). Prototypes in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 12). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). The mind’s eye in chess. In W. G. Chase (Ed.), Visual information processing. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chi, M., & Koeske, R. (in press). Network representation of a child’s dinosaur knowledge. Developmental Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, C. E. (1981). Person categories and social perception: Testing some boundaries of the processing effects of prior knowledge. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 441–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., Hannah, D. B., & Weber, R. (1983). Person memory and causal attributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 55–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., & Vitkus, J. (1983). Attributions, attention, and person memory. Unpublished manuscript, Northwestern University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crocker, J., & Weber, R. (1983). Cognitive structure and stereotype change. In R. P. Bagozzi & A. M. Tybout (Eds.), Advances in consumer research (Vol. 10).

    Google Scholar 

  • Darley, J. M., & Fazio, R. H. (1980). Expectancy confirmation processes arising in the social interaction sequence. American Psychologist, 35, 867–881.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deaux, K., & Emswiller, T. (1974). Explanations for successful performance on sex-linked tasks: What is skill for the male is luck for the female. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 29, 80–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dreben, E. K., Fiske, S. T., & Hastie, R. (1979). The independence of evaluative and item information: Impression and recall order effects in behavior-based impression formation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1758–1768.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erber, R., & Fiske, S. T. (1983). Processing inconsistent information: The impact of outcome dependency on attention, recall, and affect. Unpublished manuscript, Carnegie-Mellon University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman-Summers, S., & Kiesler, S. B. (1974). Those who are number two try harder: The effect of sex on explanations of causality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 30, 846–855.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T. (1982). Stereotypes or piecemeal: Two modes of reacting to others. Invited address presented to Midwestern Psychological Association, Minneapolis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T., & Dyer, L. (1982). Cognitive analyses of involvement in persuasion. Paper presented at a symposium on “Persuasion and cognitive processing,” American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T., & Gup, D. (1980). Effects of stereotype-behavior timing and consistency on attention, evaluation, and memory. Unpublished manuscript, Carnegie-Mellon University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T., Kenny, D. A., & Taylor, S. E. (1982). Structural models for the mediation of salience effects on attribution. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 18, 105–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T., Kinder, D. R., & Larter, M. (1983). The novice and the expert: Knowledge-based strategies in political cognition. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 381–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T., & Linville, P. W. (1980). What does the schema concept buy us? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 6, 543–557.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (1984). Social cognition. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flavell, J. H. (1963). The developmental psychology of Jean Piaget. New York: Van Nostrand-Reinhold.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fong, G. T., & Markus, H. (1982). Self-schemas and judgments about others. Social Cognition, 1, 191–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freid, L. S., & Holyoak, K. J. (in press). Induction of category distributions: A framework for classification learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastie, R. (1981). Memory for behavioral information that confirms or contradicts a personality impression. In R. Hastie, T. M. Ostrom, E. B. Ebbesen, R. W. Wyer, Jr., D. L. Hamilton, & D. E. Carlston (Eds.), Person memory: The cognitive basis of social perception. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastie, R. (1981). Schematic principles in human memory. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, &M. Zanna(Eds.), Social cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hastie, R., & Kumar, P. A. (1979). Person memory: Personality traits as organizing principles in memory for behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 27–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, T., & Mischel, W. (1976). Maintaining trait consistency in the resolution of behavioral inconsistency: The wolf in sheep’s clothing? Journal of Personality, 44, 109–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayes-Roth, B. (1977). Evolution of cognitive structure and processes. Psychological Review, 84, 260–278.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E. T., & King, G. (1981). Accessibility of social constructs: Information-processing consequences of individual and contextual variability. In N. Cantor & J. F. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, cognition, and social interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, E. T., King, G. A., & Mavin, G. H. (1982). Individual construct accessibility and subjective impressions and recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 35–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinsley, D., Hayes, J. R., & Simon, H. A. (1977). From words to equations: Meaning and representation in algebra word problems. In M. A. Just & P. A. Carpenter (Eds.), Cognitive processes in comprehension. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Inhelder, B., & Piaget, J. (1958). The growth of logical thinking. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Judd, C. M., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1980). Contrast effects in attitude judgment: An examination of the accentuation hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 390–398.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Judd, C. M., & Kulik, J. A. (1980). Schematic effects of social attitudes and recall. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 569–578.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, H. H. (1967). Attribution theory in social psychology. In D. Levine (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation (Vol. 15). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiesler, C. A., Collins, B. E., & Miller, N. (1969). Attitude change. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhn, T. S. (1962). The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulik, J. A. (1983). Confirmatory attribution and the perpetuation of social beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 1171–1181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Langer, E. J. (1978). Rethinking the role of thought in social interaction. In J. H. Harvey, W. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research (Vol. 2). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, E. J., & Abelson, R. P. (1974). A patient by any other name…: Clinician group differences in labeling bias. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 4–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larkin, J. H., McDermott, J., Simon, D. P., & Simon, H. A. (1980). Models of competence in solving physics problems. Science, 200, 1335–1342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linville, P. W. (1982a). The complexity-extremity effect, and age-based stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 193–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Linville, P. W. (1982b). Affective consequences of complexity regarding the self and others. In M. S. Clark & S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Affect and cognition: The 17th annual Carnegie Symposium. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E. (1980). Polarized appraisals of outgroup members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 689–703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lord, C., Ross, L., & Lepper, M. R. (1979). Biased assimilation and attitude polarization: The effects of prior theories on subsequently considered evidence. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 2098–2109.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., Crane, M., Bernstein, S., & Siladi, M. (1982). Self-schemas and gender. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 38–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., & Fong, G. (1979). The role of the self on other perception. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., & Smith, J. (1981). The influence of self-schemata on the perception of others. In N. Cantor & J. F. Kihlstrom (Eds.), Personality, cognition, and social interaction. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H., Smith, J., & Moreland, R. L. (1983). The role of the self in social perception: A cognitive analysis. Unpublished manuscript, University of Michigan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J., Harrod, W., & Siehl, C. (1980). The development of knowledge structures. Paper presented at a symposium on “The development of knowledge structures,” American Psychological Association Convention, Montreal.

    Google Scholar 

  • McArthur, L. Z. (1981). What grabs you? The role of attention in impression formation and causal attribution. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition: The Ontario Symposium. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, W. J., McGuire, C. V., Child, P., & Fujioka, T. (1978). Salience of ethnicity in the spontaneous self-concept as a function of one’s ethnic distinctiveness in the social environment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 511–520.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, W. J., & Padawer-Singer, A. (1976). Trait salience in the spontaneous self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 743–754.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medin, D. L., Altom, M. W., Edelson, S. M., & Freko, D. (1982). Correlated symptoms and simulated medical classification. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 8, 37–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Minsky, M. (1975). A framework for representing knowledge. In P. H. Winston (Ed.), The psychology of computer vision. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neisser, V. (1976). Cognition and reality: Principles and implications of social psychology. San Francisco: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neves, D. M., & Anderson, J. R. (1981). Becoming an expert at a cognitive skill. In J. R. Anderson, (Ed.), Skill acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nisbett, R. E., & Ross, L. (1980). Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally, J. C. (1961). Popular concepts of mental health. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Owens, J., Bower, G. H., & Black, J. B. (1979). The “soap opera” effect in story recall. Memory and Cognition, 7, 185–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Read, S. J. (1983). A knowledge-based model of causal reasoning. Unpublished manuscript, Northwestern University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, G. D., & Brewer, M. B. (1979). A schematic model of dispositional attribution in interpersonal perception. Psychological Review, 86, 61–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riskey, D. R. (1979). Verbal memory processes in impression formation. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 271–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975). Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573–605.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M., & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976). Basic objects in natural categories. Cognitive Psychology, 8, 382–439.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, T. (1981). Cognitive and dyadic processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive approaches to stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenhan, D. L. (1973). On being sane in insane places. Science, 180, 365–369.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, M. J., & Abelson, R. P. (1960). An analysis of cognitive balancing. In M. J. Rosenberg, C. I. Hovland, W. J. McGuire, R. P. Abelson, & J. W. Brehm (Eds.), Attitude organization and change. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, R., & Jacobson, L. (1968). Pygmalion in the classroom: Teacher expectation and pupils’ intellectual development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M. (1981). Loan In D. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup relations. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M., Fulero, S., Jensen, C., Howard, J., & Birrell, P. (1978). From individual to group impression: Availability heuristics in stereotype formation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 14, 237–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rothbart, M., & Park, B. M. (1982). The disconfirmability of social concepts. Manuscript in preparation, University of Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelhart, D. E., & Norman, D. A. (1978). Accretion, tuning, and restructuring: Three models of learning. In J. W. Cotton & R. L. Klatzky (Eds.), Schematic factors in cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rumelhart, D. E., & Ortony, A. (1977). The representation of knowledge in memory. In R. C. Anderson, F. J. Spiro, & W. E. Montague (Eds.), Schooling and the acquisition of knowledge. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schank, R., & Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: An inquiry into human knowledge structures. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schur, E. M. (1980). The politics of deviance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. I. (1961). Social judgment: Assimilation and contrast effects in communication and attitude change. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, M., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (1978). When actions reflect attitudes: The politics of impression management. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 1034–1042.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, M., Tanke, E. D., & Berscheid, E. (1977). Social perception and interpersonal behavior: On the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 656–666.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, M., & Uranowitz, S. W. (1978). Reconstructing the past: Some cognitive consequences of person perception. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36, 941–950.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srull, T. K. (1981). Person memory: Some tests of associative storage and retrieval models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 440–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srull, T. K., & Wyer, R. S., Jr. (1980). Category accessibility and social perception: Some implications for the study of person memory and interpersonal judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 841–856.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E. (1981). A categorization approach to stereotyping. In D. L. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E., & Crocker, J. (1981). Schematic bases of social information processing! In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, & M. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E., Crocker, J., & DAgostino, J. (1978). Schematic bases of social problem solving. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4, 447–451.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E., & Fiske, S. T. (1978). Salience, attention, and attribution: Top of the head phenomena. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 11). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E., Fiske, S. T., Close, M., Anderson, C., & Ruderman, A. (1975). Solo status as a psychological variable: The power of being distinctive. Unpublished manuscript, Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, S. E., & Winkler, J. D. (1980). The development of schemas. Paper presented at the American Psychology Association annual meeting, Montreal, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Titchner, E. B. (1966). Attention as sensory clearness. In P. Bakan (Ed.), Attention: An enduring problem in psychology. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand. (Reprinted from Lectures on the elementary psychology of feeling and attention. New York: Macmillan, 1908)

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, R., & Crocker, J. (1983). Cognitive processes in the revision of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45, 961–967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Word, C. O., Zanna, M. P., & Cooper, J. (1974). The nonverbal mediation of self-fulfilling prophecies in interracial interaction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 109–120.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyer, R. S., Jr., & Srull, T. K. (1981). Category accessibility: Some theoretical and empirical issues concerning the processing of social information. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Social cognition: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 1). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Jennifer Crocker
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Susan T. Fiske
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shelley E. Taylor
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QG, England

    J. Richard Eiser

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Crocker, J., Fiske, S.T., Taylor, S.E. (1984). Schematic Bases of Belief Change. In: Eiser, J.R. (eds) Attitudinal Judgment. Springer Series in Social Psychology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8251-5_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8251-5_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-8253-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-8251-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation