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Gendered Power Dynamics Among Religious Sects, Ethnic Groups, and Classes, in Jewish Communities on Greater Boston’s Landscape at the Turn of the Century

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Archaeology and Preservation of Gendered Landscapes

Abstract

This chapter analyzes changing gendered power dynamics during the diaspora of Jewish communities as they moved across Greater Boston’s landscape. Gender power dynamics are analyzed from a feminist perspective focusing on the social agency of Jewish women and men in developing Jewish-American identities by selectively adopting, adapting, and integrating aspects of the dominant American gender ideology and material culture into a Jewish culture that has retained its distinctiveness. This analysis uses my feminist inclusive model of a diversity of fluid powers, moving between relational categories of hierarchical dominating “powers over” others that control and limit actions; “powers under” others, ranging from compliance to resistance; heterarchical “powers with” others, ranging from inspiring and empowering to collaborating with others; and social agency “powers to” retain or change cultural ideologies, identities, practices, and gendered power dynamics.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In the winter of 1882–1883 the “German” Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society was overwhelmed by a boatload of 450 “Russian” immigrant families. When aid was not forthcoming most of the “Russian” Jews returned to New York and others requested that they be returned to Europe. The Emigrant Aid Society was interested in assisting but lacked sufficient funds. When the Massachusetts Board of Charities agreed to return all Jews identified by the United Hebrew Benevolent Association, and placed the remaining 75 poor immigrants in the Tewksbury almshouse, the “German” Jews became embarrassed and asked in the future that Jewish immigrants be sent to them for support (Ebert 1995:214).

  2. 2.

    The United Hebrew Benevolent Association limited its assistance to needy Jews with 2 years’ residency in Boston, and sent needy residents to relatives or back to Europe, in the latter instance through cooperation with the State of Massachusetts. The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society met incoming boats and helped immigrants find relatives or their destination, providing transportation, legal aid, and sometimes paid transportation back (ACB 1886:28, 1891:65, 1899:89,124, 1907:3, 1914:50–51).

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Acknowledgments

I would like to thank the people who provided information that made this chapter possible: the Vilna Shul staff, especially Steven Greenberg, Executive Director, his assistant Rachel Cylus, and volunteer Mark Nystedt; Ellen Lipsey, Executive Director of the Boston Landmarks Commission; Sarah D. Kelly, Executive Director of the Boston Preservation Alliance; Sean Casey, Rare Book Librarian at the Boston Public Library; Michael Steinitz, Director of the Preservation Planning Division of the Massachusetts Historical Commission; Stanley M. Smith, previous Executive Director of Historic Boston, Incorporated, and Program Associate Kimberly Hanna; David Glater, the first President of the Board of the VCJH and former congregant of the Vilna Shul, and Richard G. Mintz, Board Member and past President of the Vilna Shul Boston Center for Jewish Culture. My gratitude to everyone who shared their knowledge and to Sherene Baugher for her great comments on this chapter. Of course any remaining inaccuracies are my responsibility.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Oakland University, Rochester Hills, MI, 48309, USA

    Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood

  2. Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MI, 02138, USA

    Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood

Authors
  1. Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood
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Correspondence to Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cornell University, Kennedy Hall 440, Ithaca, 14853, U.S.A.

    Sherene Baugher

  2. Dept. Sociology, Oakland University, Verner Hall 520, Rochester, 48309, U.S.A.

    Suzanne M. Spencer-Wood

Appendices

Appendix 1

Figure 9.1 The Movement of Jewish Communities across Greater Boston’s Landscape, 1843–1936

  1. 1.

    Ohabei Shalom (Polish/German, traditional to Conservative), founded in 1843, moved from (1a) and (1b) in the South End (Fig. 9.2, Appendix 2); to (1c) 1187 Beacon Street, Brookline, built 1928, still used (Gamm 1995:130; Grossman 1981:7,18; Kaufman 1995:168, 171,175,195).

  2. 2.

    Reform Adath (Temple) Israel (German), founded in 1854, moved from (2a) and (2b) in the South End (Fig. 9.2, Appendix 2); to (2c) Commonwealth Avenue, built 1907 (now Morse Auditorium of Boston University); to (2d) Riverway and Longwood, built 1928 with modernist 1974 addition, still used (Gamm 1995:130; Grossman 1981:18; Kaufman 1995:170,176–177,196).

  3. 3.

    Mishkan Israel (E. Prussian, traditional to Conservative) later Mishkan Tefila, founded in 1858, moved from (3a) to (3b) in the lower South End until 1898 (Fig. 9.2, Appendix 2). After merging with Shaaray Tefila in 1895 to form Mishkan Tefila, the congregation moved in 1898 to (3c) a church building on the corner of Madison and Shawmut in lower Roxbury, extant; to (3d) Moreland and Copeland Streets, Roxbury, in 1907 (destroyed church); to (3e) Seaver Street, built 1925, sold 1958, now a Haitian church. The Young Men’s Hebrew Association was located one block to the west (1897 Map of Boston Proper; ACB 1899:245; Gamm 1995: 130; Grossman 1981:18,27; Kaufman 1995:180,184,193; SMC 1887:Plate 52; Whitehill 1968:31,121,123).

  4. 4.

    Orthodox Shaaray Tefila (Polish), founded in 1876, moved in the lower South End (Fig. 9.2:4a,4b, Appendix 2). In 1895 Shaaray Tefila merged with Mishkan Israel to form Mishkan Tefila (Kaufman 1995:174–175).

  5. 5.

    Orthodox Beth Israel (Lithuanian), founded in 1888, called the “Baldwin Place Shul” in the North End, destroyed (Fig. 9.2, Appendix 2).

  6. 6.

    Orthodox Adath Jeshurun founded in 1891 at (6a) Naures Hall on Tremont Street, north of Ruggles; moved to Dudley Street in 1894; moved to a “frame chapel” on Blue Hill Avenue, corner of Lawrence Avenue in 1900; and (6b) 1905-06 built the first synagogue in Roxbury at 397 Blue Hill Avenue, used into the 1950’s (now First Haitian Baptist Church of Boston). It was a predecessor of synagogue centers. Blue Hill Avenue included many Jewish stores and restaurants (Gamm 1995:130, 144, 146; Grossman 1981:2; Kaufman 1995:179,184,186).

  7. 7.

    Orthodox Anshe Libawitz, 1899–1940s, in the former African Meeting House off Joy Street on the north slope of Beacon Hill, in the West End; a preserved historic African-American site (Fig. 9.2, Appendix 2).

  8. 8.

    Anshe Vilner Congregation, called the “Vilna Shul” (Lithuanian), founded in the late 1890s in the North End, moved in 1903 into the West End at (8a), destroyed, and built a synagogue at (8b) in 1919, preserved (Fig. 9.2:8,8a,b,c,d, Appendix 2).

  9. 9.

    Orthodox Beth Jacob synagogue, called the “Wall Street Shul,” in the West End, destroyed (Fig. 9.2:9, Appendix 2).

  10. 10.

    Conservative Kehillath Israel, founded in 1911 and chartered in 1917, the first congregation in Brookline, met in private homes until it built in 1923–1925 a synagogue center at 384 Harvard Street, still used. Harvard Street includes many Jewish bookstores, kosher restaurants, and kosher butchers (Gamm 1995:130,148–149; Kaufman 1995:190–191).

  11. 11.

    Beth El, Conservative to Orthodox, the first congregation in Dorchester, founded in 1908 on Fowler Street, built an extant synagogue building in 1910–1912 that combined round-topped doors and windows with a Greek pediment over the entrance decorated by a Jewish star. The flat roof of the square main structure was topped with a large dome, echoing Temple Israel (Gamm 1995:130, 145, 148; Kaufman 1995:189).

  12. 12.

    Beth Hamidrash Hagadol, Conservative to Orthodox, established in 1904 in the West End, destroyed (Fig. 9.2:39, Appendix 2); built (12) a large synagogue at 105 Crawford Street in 1915, extant, of a similar shape to Mishkan Tefila’s synagogue centre (3e), but with a German-style gable entrance with narrow round-topped windows flanking a central large round arch over a rose window. It was a predecessor of synagogue-centers. (Gamm 1995:130,145, 148; Kaufman 1995:188, 191).

  13. 13.

    Hadrath Israel, founded in 1908 in Roxbury, first occupied the Elm Hill Baptist Church at the beginning of Crawford Street (east of number 12, later the Hebrew Teacher’s college of Boston), moved in 1914 to Dorchester and bought (13) a building on Woodrow Avenue in 1919. In 1928 Chevra Shas built its synagogue next to Hadrath Israel, extant. Across Blue Hill Avenue the Young Israel congregation, a 1920s offshoot of Adath Jeshurun, established a synagogue in 1930 (Grossman 1981:27; Gamm 1995:130; Kaufman 1995:188–189).

  14. 14.

    Agudath Israel Anshei Sfard, an offshoot of Hadrath Israel, founded in 1915, built its synagogue in 1923, on Woodrow Avenue across the street from Hadrath Israel. These synagogues (13,14), extant buildings, formed a community center with the neighboring G&G Delicatessen on Blue Hill Avenue, and American Kosher Products at the corner of Morton Street (Gamm 1995:130; Grossman 1981:26–27; Kaufman 1995:190).

  15. 15.

    Leopold Morse Home for Aged and Infirm Hebrews and Orphanage, incorporated 1888, opened 1890, Mattapan St. just outside Mattapan Square in Milton, 1888–1911 (ACB 1891:65; 1899:61; 1907:31; Ebert 1995:215).

  16. 16.

    Hecht Neighborhood House, 160 American Legion Highway, 1936–1960 (Grossman 1981:27, 29).

  17. 17.

    Boston Young Men’s Hebrew Association on Humbolt Ave.,1911–1960, extant building (Grossman 1981:27; Sammarco and Rosenberg 2007:20).

  18. 18a.

    45 Townsend Street, Dennison House bought for Beth Israel Hospital, 1916–1928, when it was bought by Greater Boston Bikur Cholim, now the Jewish Memorial Hospital (Ebert 1995:225, 227).

  19. 18b.

    Beth Israel Hospital, 1928-present, 330 Brookline Avenue. The first Jewish hospital to become a teaching hospital for a university: Harvard Medical School in 1928, followed by Tufts Medical School (Ebert 1995:227; Grossman 1981:30–31).

  20. 19.

    Helping Hand Temporary Home for Destitute Jewish Children at the intersection of Fort Avenue and Beach Glen, Roxbury, by 1900 (Adler 1900:283).

  21. 20.

    Home for Jewish Children, funded by Ladies Helping Hand Association, incorporated in 1909, opened in 1911 at Canterbury and Austin Sts., Dorchester. Merged in a few weeks with the Morse Home (ACB 1914:93, Ebert 1995:223).

  22. 21.

    Roxbury Ladies’ Aid and Fuel Society, established in 1895, incorporated in 1896. Apply to Miss Jewell Levy at 112 Thornton St. (ACB 1899:90; SMC 1888:89).

  23. 22.

    Hebrew Ladies Home for Aged, by 1907 at 21 Queen St., Dorchester, supported by the Hebrew ladies’ Moshave Zekainim Association, President Albert Titlebaum (ACB 1907:91; 1914:112; SMC 1888:91,92,93).

  24. 23.

    Men of Shepatofka, mutual benefit association incorporated in 1896, 55 Centre St. (ACB 1899:279).

Site locations mapped using Arrow Official Map of Boston and Suburbs, Arrow Publishing Co., Inc., Canton, Massachusetts.

Appendix 2

Figure 9.2 Major Jewish Sites and Communities on the Landscape of Boston Proper, 1843–1930

  1. 1.

    Ohabei Shalom (Polish/German, traditional to Reform), founded in 1843, moved from a room on Carver Street (destroyed house); to Albany Street (destroyed house); to (1) 73 Warren Street, built in 1851 and dedicated in 1852 (destroyed); (1a) diagonally across the street to 76 Warrenton Street in 1863 (now the Charles Playhouse); to (1b) 11 Union Park St. in 1887 (now a Greek Orthodox Church) (Bromley 1902:Plates 15,17; Ehrenfried 1963:357,363; Gamm 1995:132–133; Grossman 1981:7,18; Kaufman 1995:167–168,171,175,195).

  2. 2.

    Reform Adath (Temple) Israel (German), founded in 1854, moved from (2a) Pleasant Street (destroyed house, now corner of Melrose and Broadway); to (2b) 600 Columbus Avenue, corner of Northampton Street, built 1885 (now a Haitian Church) (Bromley 1902:Plate 15; Gamm 1995:130 and personal communication; Grossman 1981:18; Kaufman 1995:170,176–177, 196).

  3. 3.

    Mishkan Israel (E. Prussian, traditional to Conservative), later Mishkan Tefila, founded in 1858, moved from (3a) “a little room in a tenement House” on Oswego Street; to “a small hall” rented nearby on Harrison Avenue in 1863; north to a “fairly commodious hall,” renting the whole building on Orange Street in 1867; north to (3b) Ash Street in 1871, where a new “modest frame” synagogue was constructed with “a gallery for the women and school rooms in the vestry” (Daniels 1958:15–16) All these sites were destroyed (Bromley 1902:Plate 14; 1897 Map of Boston Proper; ACB 1899:245; Gamm 1995:130; Grossman 1981:18,27; Kaufman 1995:170–171,175; Whitehill 1968:31,121,123).

  4. 4.

    Orthodox Shaaray Tefila (Polish), founded in 1876, (4a) first met in Paine Hall, extant on Appleton Street, in back of Adath Israel’s Sunday School in Theodore Parker Memorial Hall, 49 Berkeley Street (extant church building with Jewish star in round window). Then in 1877 the rabbi bought (4b) a church building on the corner of Church Street and Winchester, which was used as a synagogue until 1895, when the congregation merged with Mishkan Israel, forming Mishkan Tefila, which moved to Roxbury in 1898. In 1889 the congregation rebelled against its rabbi and rented a room in Paine Hall because he broke Orthodox rules by allowing his daughter to read aloud in the anniversary service for her deceased mother. In 1885 Rabbi Marcus added a second synagogue in the Pleasant Street building that was previously Adath Israel (2a) (Bromley 1902: Plates 15,18; Kaufman 1995:174–175).

  5. 5.

    Orthodox Beth Israel (Lithuanian), founded in 1888 by a group of younger men seceding from Shomre Beth Abraham, bought the Second Baptist church at the end of Baldwin Place and renovated it as a synagogue in 1890. A Hebrew school for girls was held on the second floor of the building (destroyed). A Talmud Torah, the “Baldwin Place Hebrew Free School” for boys opened in 1891 in a building on the south side of the alley, 4 Baldwin Place (destroyed). On the north side of the alley at increasing distance from Beth Israel, were the Boston Hebrew Charitable Cemetery Association, incorporated in 1904, at 3 Baldwin Place (ACB 1907:64), and Congregation Sharai Chedeck, at 5 Baldwin Place 1902–1907 (ACB 1907:356). Many Jewish stores were located on the two major North End streets (mapped), especially Salem Street, nearest the Shul (ACD 1899:204; Bromley 1902:Plate 6; Cole 1902a; Grossman 1981:2; Kaufman 1995:179).

  6. 6.

    The Benoth Israel Sheltering Home and Jewish Dispensary for Women and Children at 15 Cooper Street. The Baron de Hirsch Dispensary for Men was across the street (ACB 1899:27,91, 1907:11, 1914:46; Bromley 1902:Plate 6; Cole 1902a; Ebert 1995:217; Grossman 1981:2). The Boston Young Business Men’s Association, incorporated in 1898, was at 17 Cooper Street (ACB 1899:279).

  7. 7.

    Orthodox Anshe Libawitz bought the former African Meeting House on Smith Court in 1899 and slightly altered it into a synagogue, used until the late 1940s (preserved historic African-American site). In the early 20th century it was joined by two other landsmanshaft shuls, Anshe Stonier and Anshe Zytomir (Bromley 1902:Plate 3; Cole 1902b; Grossman 1981:22–3; Kaufman 1995:179). This is the first African–American church transformed into a Synagogue in the USA (Goldfeld 2009).

  8. 8.

    Orthodox Anshe Vilner Congregation, “the Vilna Shul” (Lithuanian), founded in the late 1890s initially worshipped in a church at the end of Carroll Place; then (8a) in 1903 moved to a small apartment at the corner of Cotting and Lowell Streets; (8b) in 1906 moved into the 12th (colored) Baptist church at 43-7 Phillips Street; (8c) in 1915 moved across the street to 27 Anderson Street; and (8d) in 1919 built a brick Rondebogenstil-style synagogue at 14–18 Phillips street (historic site) (Bromley 1902:Plates 6,3; Cole 1902b; Grossman 1981:3,23–24; Kaufman 1995:179–180,182–183,205).

  9. 9.

    Orthodox Beth Jacob synagogue, founded in 1888, called the “Wall Street Shul,” and its West End Hebrew Free School for boys, both at 28 Wall Street. Destroyed with most of the West End, by urban renewal in the 1960s. (ACB 1899:203; Bromley 1902:Plate 5; Cole 1902b; Gamm 1995:134; Grossman 1981:23; Kaufman 1995:207).

  10. 10.

    Orthodox Shaarey Jerusalem, at (10a) 23 Cooper St. in 1899, moved to (8) Carroll Place in 1903, which was renamed Jerusalem Place at the dedication of the new synagogue, and merged with Beth Hamedrash by 1907. Near (8) at the intersection of Jerusalem Place and 112 Salem Street was Civic Service House, a settlement founded in 1901 by young Jewish men, that provided Hebrew, Italian, and Polish newspapers, naturalization aid, academic and vocational classes (ACB 1899:245, 1907:355, 1914:215; Bromley 1902:Plate 6; Cole 1902a; Grossman 1981:2; Kaufman 1995:180).

  11. 11.

    Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, 104 Salem St. (ACB 1914:72).

  12. 12.

    North End Hebrew Free School, offering instruction in Hebrew language and religion to boys and girls, 12 Stillman Street. Located diagonally across the street from Congregation Chebra Thilim in the middle of the block (ACB 1899:203; Bromley 1902:Plate 6).

  13. 13.

    King David Association for Jewish men, incorporated in 1898, 16 Parmenter St. (ACB 1899:279; Bromley 1902:Plate 6).

  14. 14.

    Praner Charitable Association for Jewish men born in Praner, Russia, incorporated in 1888, 27 Prince St. (ACB 1899:280; Bromley 1902:Plate 8).

  15. 15.

    North Bennet Street Industrial School for Girls, funded starting in 1880 by Pauline Agassiz Shaw at 37–39 N. Bennet St., corner of Salem St. (Bromley 1902:Plate 6; Cole 1902a; Henry, Williams and Stanton 1985:1). The Hebrew Industrial School was founded in this institution according to Grossman (1981:2).

  16. 16.

    North End Ladies’ Aid Association, incorporated 1897, President Israel Fish, at 224 Hanover St. (ACB 1899:138; Bromley 1902: Plate 8).

  17. 17.

    Orthodox Shomre Shabbes congregation (17a) formed 1875 and met in a small leased hall at 219 Hanover St. (destroyed), (17b) merged with parts of Beth Abraham congregation in 1885, forming Shomre Beth Abraham, and moved to Cockerell Hall, extant at 287 Hanover St., in 1886, joining communal Talmud Torah established there in 1883 (Bromley 1902:Plate 8; Kaufman 1995:178).

  18. 17a.

    The beginning of this number covers the Young Men’s Hebrew Union at 213 Hanover Street (Adler 1900:287).

  19. 18.

    Orthodox Beth Abraham Congregation, (18a) 193 Hanover St. in 1879, (18b) unmerged part moved to 231 Hanover and adopted the English name, the House of Prayer. Both buildings destroyed (Bromley 1902:Plate 8; Kaufman 1995:178).

  20. 19.

    170 Hanover St., B’nai Zion Education Society for Jewish young men, with library, debating club, lectures in art, social science, literature, etc. Destroyed (ACB 1899:204; Bromley 1902:Plate 8).

  21. 20.

    Russian Industrial School for Girls (20a) founded by Lina Hecht and Golde Bamber in 1889 at 53 Hanover St.; (5) dropped “Russian” from the name and moved to Baldwin Place before 1899; (20b) 17 Allen St. 1899–1905, incorporated as Hebrew Industrial School in 1902; (20c) 80 Charles St. 1906–1908; (20d) 154 Charles St. 1909–1921, bought by Federated Jewish Charities; (20e) in 1922 became Hecht House and moved to 22 Bowdoin St. All destroyed except 80 Charles St. (ACB 1891:148, 1899:193, 1907:293, 1914:238; Bromley 1902: Plates 2,4,5; Cole 1902b; Spencer-Wood 1996:441)

  22. 21.

    United Hebrew Benevolent Association (UHBA) founded in 1864, (21a) by 1880 was at 105 Summer St. (ACB 1880:31); (21b) by 1886 moved with the Hebrew Ladies Sewing Society to room 13 in the Charity Building on Chardon and 43 Hawkins Streets (ACB 1886:28, 1891:65; Bromley 1902:Plate 4). By1899 the building also housed the American Committee for the Amelioration of the Condition of Russian Refugees, the Charitable Burial Association, and the Federation of Jewish Charities, the last two both incorporated in 1894 (ACB 1899:89,124; 1907:31; 1914:50; Bromley 1902:Plate 4). In 1900 the Federation added the Free Employment Bureau and in 1908 the first “Russian” member organizations: the Helping Hand for Destitute Jewish Children, the Mt. Sinai Dispensary, and the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (Ebert 1995:221).

  23. 22.

    Hebrew Young Men’s Star Association (1895), mutual benefit organization, 160 Canal St. (ACB 1899:279; Bromley 1902:Plate 6).

  24. 23.

    Brothership of Birsen, incorporated in 1891, mutual benefit organization, 27 Wall St. (ACB 1899:279; Bromley 1902:Plate 5).

  25. 24.

    West End House, at (24a) 9 Eaton St. 1906–1912 (destroyed); (24b) 45 Chambers St. 1912–1929 (destroyed); (24c) 16 Blossom St.1929–1966 (extant marked site) (Ueda 1981:112–113,115,147; Bromley 1902:Plate 3; Grossman 1981:23).

  26. 24a.

    Near the “a” was the first Jewish Burial Ground in 1735 (Grossman 1981:23).

  27. 24a.

    Jewish People’s Institute, founded in 1908, incorporated in 1909, at 62 Chambers St. by 1914. Maintained Hebrew school for children (ACB 1914:239; Bromley 1902:Plate 3).

  28. 24b.

    Hebrew Ladies’ Helping Hand Association, incorporated in 1898, 42 Lynde St. (ACB 1899:80; Bromley 1902:Plate 3).

  29. 25.

    Mt Sinai Hospital Society of Boston, incorporated in 1902, (25a) at 130 Chambers St. until 1903, moved to (25b) 17 Staniford St. by 1907 (ACB 1907:197, 1914:149; Bromley 1902:Plates 3,5; Grossman 1981:23; Ebert 1995:220).

  30. 26.

    Elizabeth Peabody House, incorporated in 1896, (26a) at 156 Chambers St., moving to (26b) 87–89 Poplar St. 1901–1911, expanding to 91 Poplar St. 1909; (26c) moving to 357 Charles St. in 1910. The Chassidic congregation of Grand Rabbi Pinchas D. Horowitz bought 87 Poplar St. in 1915 and used it as a synagogue until the 1940s. The Jewish Moore’s Market was located on Chambers St., near its intersection with Poplar Street (ACB 1907:54; Bromley 1902:Plate 5; Gamm 1995:134; Spencer-Wood 1996:440).

  31. 27.

    Boston Council of Jewish Women, founded in 1898, incorporated in 1911, at 4 Joy St. by 1914 (ACB 1914:274; Bromley 1902:Plate 2).

  32. 28.

    West End Young Men’s Hebrew Association, 47 Mount Vernon Street (Bromley 1902: Plate 2; Gamm 1995:139).

  33. 29.

    This number covers two site locations by 1899. The Tifereth Israel Association (1870), mutual benefit association for Jewish men, was at 247 Washington Street. At 277 Washington Street was The West End Ladies’ Aid Association, incorporated in 1895, President Harry Gordon, and The Boston Dramatic and Aid Association, incorporated 1898 (ACB 1899:280,90).

  34. 30.

    Orthodox Kennesseth Israel, called the “Emerald Street synagogue,” which included the South End Hebrew School for girls and boys, 15–17 Emerald Street (ACB 1899:204; Bromley 1902:Plate 18; Woods and Cole 1898).

  35. 31.

    South End Ladies’ Society, Independent mutual benefit association, incorporated in 1897, President Fanny Bronsky, 15 Lucas St. (ACB 1899:280; Bromley 1902: Plate 14).

  36. 32.

    South End Hebrew Benevolent Association, mutual benefit organization for men incorporated 1898, 23 Rochester St. (ACB 1899:280; Bromley 1902: Plate 14).

  37. 33.

    Louisa May Alcott Club, incorporated in 1895 by two Jewish sisters and a brother, at 15 Oswego St. (ACB 1907:194, 1914:224; Bromley 1902:Plate 14; Woods and Cole 1898).

  38. 34.

    Boston Hebrew Ladies’ Aid Association, incorporated in 1898; (34a) at 820 Washington St. by 1907; (34b) moving to 995 Washington St. by 1914 (ACB 1907:11, 1914:46; Bromley 1902: Plate 14).

  39. 35.

    Hebrew Association of Janauschek for Jewish men, incorporated in 1895, 138 Dover St. (ACB 1899:279; Bromley 1902: Plate 16).

  40. 36.

    Young Women’s Hebrew Charitable Association, established in 1891, incorporated in 1897, at 157 W. Newton St. by 1899; moved to (37a) Minot Hall at Springfield and Washington Streets in 1900 (ACB 1899:90; Adler 1900:287; Bromley 1902:Plate 25).

  41. 37.

    Young Men’s Hebrew Association founded in 1874 at (1a) Ohabei Shalom. The YMHA was inspired by the adjacent YWCA, defunct by 1880, incorporated in 1882; (37a) at Minot Hall, 68 West Springfield, corner of Washington by 1886; (37b) 39 E. Concord St. by 1907 (ACB 1886:53, 1899:165, 1907:204, Bromley 1902:Plate 27; Kaufman 1995:173).

  42. 38.

    Elysium Club, for men, 218 Huntington (Adler 1900:282; Bromley 1902: Plate 24).

  43. 39.

    Beth Hamidrash Hagodol, Conservative to Orthodox, founded in 1904, located on North Russell Street by 1907, where it built a synagogue-center in 1923 (ACB 1907:355, 1914:356; Bromley 1902: Plate 3; Grossman 1981:23; Kaufman 1995:207).

  44. 40.

    Hebrew Ladies Sewing Society, established in 1878, apply to President, Mrs. J.H. Hecht, 113 Commonwealth Avenue (ACB 1880:31; Bromley 1902:Plate 21). By 1886 it moved to (21b), the Charity Building on Chardon and Hawkins Streets, where it remained through at least 1914, changing its name to Hebrew Women’s Sewing Society by 1899 (ACB 1886:28, 1891:65, 1899:90, 1907:31, 1914:50). The organization was incorporated in 1895. By 1900 the Hebrew Women’s Sewing Society also had an office in Minot Hall at Washington and Springfield Streets, (37a) (Adler 1900:283).

The Women’s Educational and Industrial Union (WEIU) that Lina Frank Hecht belonged to moved from Park Street in 1877, to Tremont Street across from the center of the Boston Common in 1880, to Boylston Street across from Boston Common near the Public Garden in1883, further down Boylston Street across from the middle of the Public Garden in 1890, and further down Boylston Street between Berkeley and Clarendon Streets from 1917 to the present (Spencer-Wood 1996:440)

Site locations mapped using Arrow Official Map of Boston and Suburbs, Arrow Publishing Co., Inc., Canton, Massachusetts.

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Spencer-Wood, S.M. (2010). Gendered Power Dynamics Among Religious Sects, Ethnic Groups, and Classes, in Jewish Communities on Greater Boston’s Landscape at the Turn of the Century. In: Baugher, S., Spencer-Wood, S. (eds) Archaeology and Preservation of Gendered Landscapes. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1501-6_9

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