Abstract
Three-dimensional integration makes floorplanning a much more difficult problem because the multiple device layers dramatically enlarge the solution space and the increased power density accentuates the thermal problem. This chapter introduces the algorithms for 3D floorplanning with both 2D blocks and 3D blocks. In addition to stochastic optimizations based on various representations that are briefly introduced, the analytical approach is also introduced. The effects of various 3D floorplanning techniques on wirelength, area, and temperature are demonstrated by experimental results.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Y. C. Chang, Y. W. Chang, G. M. Wu, and S. W. Wu, B*-trees: An new representation for nonslicing floorplans, Proceedings of ACM/IEEE DAC 2000, pp. 458–463, 2000.
L. Cheng, L. Deng, and M. D. Wong, Floorplanning for 3D VLSI design, Proceedings of IEEE/ACM ASP-DAC 2005, pp. 405–411, 2005.
J. Cong, J. Wei, and Y. Zhang, A thermal-driven floorplanning algorithm for 3D ICs, Proceedings of ICCAD 2004, pp. 306–313, 2004.
J. Cong and G. Luo, A multilevel analytical placement for 3D ICs, Proceedings of the 14th ASP-DAC, Yokohama, Japan, pp. 361–366, January 2009.
B. Goplen and S. Sapatnekar, Efficient thermal placement of standard cells in 3D ICs using a force directed approach, Proceedings of ICCAD 2003, pp. 86–89, Nov. 2003.
P.-N. Guo, C.-K. Cheng, and T. Yoshimura, An O-tree representation of nonslicing floorplan and its application, Proceedings of ACM/IEEE DAC 1999, pp. 268–273, 1999.
X. Hong, G. Huang, Y. Cai, J. Gu, S. Dong, C. K. Cheng, and J. Gu, Corner block list: An effective and efficient topological representation of nonslicing floorplan, Proceedings of IEEE/ACM ICCAD 2000, pp. 8–12, 2000.
S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi Jr, Optimization by simulated annealing, Science, pp. 671–680, May 1983.
M. B. Kleiner, S. A. Kuhn, P. Ramm, and W. Weber, Performance and improvement of the memory hierarchy of risc-systems by application of 3-D technology, IEEE Transactions on Components, Packaging, and Manufacturing Technology, 19(4): 709–718, 1996
Z. Li, X. Hong, Q. Zhou, Y. Cai, J. Bian, H. Yang, P. Saxena, and V. Pitchumani, A divide-and-conquer 2.5-D floorplanning algorithm based on statistical wirelength estimation, Proceedings of ISCAS 2005, pp. 6230–6233, 2005.
Z. Li, X. Hong, Q. Zhou, Y. Cai, J. Bian, H. H. Yang, V. Pitchumani, and C.-K. Cheng, Hierarchical 3-D floorplanning algorithm for wirelength optimization, IEEE Transaction on Circuits and Systems I, 53(12): 2637–2646, 2007.
Y. Liu, Y. Ma, E. Kursun, J. Cong, and G. Reinman, Fine grain 3D integration for microarchitecture design through cube packing exploration, Proceedings of IEEE ICCD 2007, pp. 259–266, Oct 2007.
J. M. Lin and Y. W. Chang, TCG: A transitive closure graph-based representation for non-slicing floorplans, Proceedings of ACM/IEEE DAC 2001, pp. 764–769, 2001.
J. M. Lin and Y. W. Chang, TCG-S: Orthogonal coupling of P*-admissible representations for general floorplans, Proceedings of ACM/IEEE DAC 2002, pp. 842–847, 2002.
Y. Ma, X. Hong, S. Dong, Y. Cai, C. K. Cheng, and J. Gu, Floorplanning with abutment constraints and L-shaped/T-shaped blocks based on corner block list, Proceedings of DAC 2001, pp. 770–775, 2001.
Y. Ma, X. Hong, S. Dong and C. K.Cheng, 3D CBL: an efficient algorithm for general 3-dimensional packing problems, Proceedings of the 48th MWS-CAS 2005, 2, pp. 1079–1082, 2005.
F. K. Miyazawa and Y. Wakabayashi, An algorithm for the three-dimensional packing problem with asymptotic performance analysis, Algorithmica, 18(1): 122–144, May 1997.
H. Murata, K. Fujiyoshi, S. Nakatake, and Y. Kajitani, Rectangle packing based module placement, Proceedings of IEEE ICCAD 1995, pp. 472–479, 1995.
S. Nakatake, K. Fujiyoshi, H. Murata, and Y. Kajitani, Module placement on BSG-structure and IC laylot applications, Proceedings of IEEE/ACM ICCAD 1999, pp. 484–491, 1999.
T. Ohtsuki, N. Suzigama, and H. Hawanishi, An optimization technique for integrated circuit layout design, Proceedings of ICCST 1970, pp. 67–68, 1970.
B. Obermeier and F. Johannes, Temperature aware global placement, Proceedings of ASPDAC 2004, pp. 143–148, 2004.
R. H. J. M. Otten, Automatic floorplan design, Proceedings of ACM/IEEE DAC 1982, pp. 261–267, 1982.
R. H. J. M Otten, Efficient floorplan optimization, Proceedings of IEEE ICCD 1983, pp. 499–502, 1983.
S. Palacharla, N. P. Jouppi, and J. E. Smith, Complexity-effective superscalar processors, Proceedings of the 24th ISCA, pp. 206–218, June 1997.
K. Puttaswamy and G. Loh, The impact of 3-dimensional integration on the design of arithmetic units, Proceedings of ISCAS 2006, pp. 4951–4954, May, 2006.
K. Puttaswamy and G. Loh, Dynamic instruction schedulers in a 3-dimensional integration technology, Proceedings of ACM/IEEE GLS-VLSI 2006, pp. 153–158, May 1, 2006, USA.
G. Reinman and N. Jouppi, Cacti 2.0: An integrated cache timing and power model, In Technical Report, 2000.
R. Ronnen, A. Mendelson, K. Lai, S. Liu, F. Pollack, and J. Shen, Coming challenges in microarchitecture and architecture, Proceedings of the IEEE, 89(3): 325–340, 2001.
Z. C. Shen and C. C. N. Chu, Bounds on the number of slicing, mosaic, and general floorplans, IEEE Transaction on CAD, 22(10): 1354–1361, 2003.
Y. Tsai, Y. Xie, N. Vijaykrishnan, and M. Irwin, Three-dimensional cache design exploration using 3D CACTI, Proceedings of ICCD 2005, pp. 519–524, October 2005.
M. Tremblay, B. Joy, and K. Shin, A three dimensional register file for superscalar processors, Proceedings of the 28th HICSS, pp. 191–201, 1995.
X. Tang, R. Tian and D. F. Wong, Fast evaluation of Sequence Pair in block placement by longest common subsequence computation, Proceedings of DATE 2000, pp. 106–111, 2000.
X. Tang and D. F.Wong, FAST-SP: A fast algorithm for block placement based on Sequence Pair, Proceedings of ASPDAC 2001, pp. 521–526, 2001.
D. F. Wong and C. L. Liu, A new algorithm for floorplan design, Proceedings of the 3rd ACM/IEEE DAC, pp. 101–107,1986.
H. Yamazaki, K. Sakanushi, S. Nakatake, and Y. Kajitani, The 3D-packing by meta data structure and packing heuristics, IEICE Transaction on Fundamentals, E82-A(4): 639–645, 2000.
T. Yan, Q. Dong, Y. Takashima, and Y. Kajitani, How does partitioning matter for 3D floorplanning?, Proceedings of the 16th ACM GLS-VLSI, pp. 73-78, 2006.
Y. Yang, Z. P. Gu, C. Zhu, R. P. Dick, and L. Shang, ISAC: Integrated space and time adaptive chip-package thermal analysis, IEEE Transaction on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 26(1): 86–99, January 2007.
B. Yao, H. Chen, C. K. Cheng and R. Graham, Floorplan representations: complexity and connections, ACM Transaction on Design Automation of Electronic Systems, 8(1): 55–80, 2003.
E. F. Y. Young, C. C. N. Chu, and Z. C. Shen, Twin Binary Sequences: A nonredundant representation for general nonslicing floorplan, IEEE Transaction on CAD, 22(4): 457–469, 2003.
S. Zhou, S. Dong, C.-K. Cheng, and J. Gu, ECBL: An extended Corner Block List with solution space including optimum placement, Proceedings of ISPD 2001, pp. 150–155, 2001.
P. Zhou, Y. Ma, Z. Li, R. P. Dick, L. Shang, H. Zhou, X. Hong, and Q. Zhou, 3D-STAF: scalable temperature and leakage aware floorplanning for three-dimensional integrated circuits, Proceedings of ICCAD 2007, pp. 590–597, 2007.
C. Zhuang, Y. Kajitani, K. Sakanushi, and L. Jin, An enhanced Q-Sequence augmented with empty-room-insertion and parenthesis trees, Proceedings of DATE 2002, pp. 61–68, 2002.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the support from the Gigascale Silicon Research Center, IBM under a DARPA subcontract, the National Science Foundation under CCF-0430077 and CCF-0528583, the National Science Foundation of China under 60606007, 60720106003, 60728205, the Tsinghua Basic Research Fund under JC20070021, and the Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology (TNList) Cross-discipline Foundation under 042003011; this support led to a number of results reported in this chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cong, J., Ma, Y. (2010). Thermal-Aware 3D Floorplan. In: Xie, Y., Cong, J., Sapatnekar, S. (eds) Three Dimensional Integrated Circuit Design. Integrated Circuits and Systems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0784-4_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0784-4_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0783-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0784-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)