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Evolution of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool and Hadley-Walker Circulation Since the Last Deglaciation

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The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past and Future

Part of the book series: Advances in Global Change Research ((AGLO,volume 21))

Abstract

The Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP), East Pacific cold tongue, and deep overturning atmospheric Hadley (meridional) and Walker (zonal) circulations form a tightly coupled system. In this chapter, we explore the concept of the Hadley circulation as the fundamental driver of changes in this system, and examine its possible impact on global climates of the past. Recent modeling studies indicate that the Hadley circulation is sensitive to Milankovitch forcing, dominated by the precession cycle (22,000 years) in the tropics. It is well established that the increasing Northern Hemisphere summer insolation during the post-glacial transition enhanced northern summer monsoon rainfall, particularly across the Asian landmass. Based on the results of modeling studies, it is probable that the northward asymmetry in tropical heating led to asymmetrical intensification of the Hadley circulation during the early Holocene.

The response of the tropical ocean to the intensification of the Hadley circulation is given by foraminiferal Mg/Ca and coral Sr/Ca sea surface temperature (SST) reconstructions, which show that ocean-atmosphere feedbacks drove the tropical Pacific into a westward-concentrated La Nina-like state (warming in the west, cooling in the east) between -11,000 and -4,000 years ago. At the same time, air temperatures reconstructed from Southern Hemisphere high-altitude tropical ice cores also equal or exceed late Holocene values. The widespread warming of the tropical middle troposphere during the early Holocene suggests that the additional flux of water vapor and heat from the warmer IPWP during the La Nina state overwhelmed any atmospheric cooling brought about by the expansion of the East Pacific cold tongue. However, the expanded cold tongue area could also play a role in the early Holocene warming through enhanced

Taken together, the paleoclimate records indicate that a post-glacial strengthening of the Hadley circulation initiated ocean-atmosphere feedbacks that altered the energy budget of the tropics to amplify early Holocene warming. Synchronous warming of the Southern Hemisphere high latitudes, as indicated by Antarctic ice core records, may be the result of southward-directed dynamical heating produced by the asymmetrical Hadley circulation. The demise of the early Holocene warming in the tropics and Southern Hemisphere ~4,000 through 7,000 years ago correlates with decreasing Northern Hemisphere summer insolation, a southward migration of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and the onset of modern El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research School of Earth Sciences, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia

    Michael K. Gagan

  2. Department of Geological Sciences and Byrd Polar Research Center, The Ohio State University, 108 Scott Hall, 1090 Carmack Road, Columbus, Ohio, 43210-1002, USA

    Lonnie G. Thompson

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  1. Climate Diagnostics Center, Oceanic and Atmospheric Research, NOAA, Boulder, CO, USA

    Henry F. Diaz

  2. Climate System Research Center, Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA

    Raymond S. Bradley

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Gagan, M.K., Thompson, L.G. (2004). Evolution of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool and Hadley-Walker Circulation Since the Last Deglaciation. In: Diaz, H.F., Bradley, R.S. (eds) The Hadley Circulation: Present, Past and Future. Advances in Global Change Research, vol 21. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-2944-8_11

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