Skip to main content

Studying Autophagy In Vivo in the Mammary Gland and in Xenograft Samples

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Autophagy and Cancer

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 2445))

Abstract

Autophagy is a dynamic process that can be monitored in multiple ways, both in vitro and in vivo. Studies in mice are a widely used tool to understand multiple diseases and conditions where autophagy plays a role, and therefore autophagic flux measurement in tissues of rodent models are of utmost importance. Here, we present some assays successfully used in determining the autophagy status in the mice mammary gland as well as in xenografts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 109.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Levine B, Kroemer G (2019) Biological functions of autophagy genes: a disease perspective. Cell 176(1–2):11–42

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Fernandez AF (2018) Autophagy and proteases: basic study of the autophagic flux by western blot. Methods Mol Biol 1731:73–81

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Mizushima N, Yamamoto A, Matsui M, Yoshimori T, Ohsumi Y (2004) In vivo analysis of autophagy in response to nutrient starvation using transgenic mice expressing a fluorescent autophagosome marker. Mol Biol Cell 15(3):1101–1111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Liang XH, Jackson S, Seaman M, Brown K, Kempkes B, Hibshoosh H et al (1999) Induction of autophagy and inhibition of tumorigenesis by beclin 1. Nature 402(6762):672–676

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Qu X, Zou Z, Sun Q, Luby-Phelps K, Cheng P, Hogan RN et al (2007) Autophagy gene-dependent clearance of apoptotic cells during embryonic development. Cell 128(5):931–946

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Qu X, Yu J, Bhagat G, Furuya N, Hibshoosh H, Troxel A et al (2003) Promotion of tumorigenesis by heterozygous disruption of the beclin 1 autophagy gene. J Clin Invest 112(12):1809–1820

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Yue Z, Jin S, Yang C, Levine AJ, Heintz N (2003) Beclin 1, an autophagy gene essential for early embryonic development, is a haploinsufficient tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100(25):15077–15082

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Fernandez AF, Sebti S, Wei Y, Zou Z, Shi M, McMillan KL et al (2018) Disruption of the beclin 1-BCL2 autophagy regulatory complex promotes longevity in mice. Nature 558(7708):136–140

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Vega-Rubin-de-Celis S, Zou Z, Fernandez AF, Ci B, Kim M, Xiao G et al (2018) Increased autophagy blocks HER2-mediated breast tumorigenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 115(16):4176–4181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Vega-Rubin-de-Celis S (2019) The role of beclin 1-dependent autophagy in cancer. Biology (Basel) 9(1):4

    Google Scholar 

  11. Vega-Rubin-de-Celis S, Kinch L, Pena-Llopis S (2020) Regulation of beclin 1-mediated autophagy by oncogenic tyrosine kinases. Int J Mol Sci 21(23):9210

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. He C, Levine B (2010) The beclin 1 interactome. Curr Opin Cell Biol 22(2):140–149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Wei Y, Zou Z, Becker N, Anderson M, Sumpter R, Xiao G et al (2013) EGFR-mediated Beclin 1 phosphorylation in autophagy suppression, tumor progression, and tumor chemoresistance. Cell 154(6):1269–1284

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Shoji-Kawata S, Sumpter R, Leveno M, Campbell GR, Zou Z, Kinch L et al (2013) Identification of a candidate therapeutic autophagy-inducing peptide. Nature 494(7436):201–206

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

S.V.-R. was supported by a German Research Foundation (DFG) grant (VE1153/1-1) and a Josepha und Charlotte von Siebold Habilitandinnen-Förderprogramm (University of Duisburg-Essen). Graphical art in Fig. 2 was partially prepared using Smart Servier Medical Art (https://smart.servier.com/) by Servier (Suresnes, France) licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Silvia Vega-Rubín-de-Celis .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Zou, Z., Fernández, Á.F., Jendrossek, V., Vega-Rubín-de-Celis, S. (2022). Studying Autophagy In Vivo in the Mammary Gland and in Xenograft Samples. In: Norberg, H., Norberg, E. (eds) Autophagy and Cancer. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2445. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2071-7_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2071-7_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-2070-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-2071-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics