Abstract
Several animal models are employed to discover novel treatments for the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD models can be divided into two models: neurotoxin models and genetic models. Among neurotoxins to produce PD models, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), and rotenone, which inhibit the mitochondrial complex I, are widely used. Animal models of PD using these neurotoxins are also known as mitochondrial toxin models. Here this chapter describes the preparation of these mitochondrial toxin models.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Blesa J, Phani S, Jackson-Lewis V, Przedborski S (2012) Classic and new animal models of Parkinson’s disease. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012:845618. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012.845618
Blesa J, Przedborski S (2014) Parkinson’s disease: animal models and dopaminergic cell vulnerability. Front Neuroanat 8:155. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnana.2014.00155
More SV, Kumar H, Cho DY, Yun YS, Choi DK (2016) Toxin-induced experimental models of learning and memory impairment. Int J Mol Sci 17:1447. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091447
Kin K, Yasuhara T, Kameda M, Date I (2019) Animal models for Parkinson’s disease research: trends in the 2000s. Int J Mol Sci 20:5402. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215402
Johnson ME, Bobrovskaya L (2015) An update on the rotenone models of Parkinson’s disease: their ability to reproduce the features of clinical disease and model gene-environment interactions. Neurotoxicol 46:101–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2014.12.002
Senoh S, Witkop B (1959) Non-enzymic conversions of dopamine to norepinephrine and trihydroxyphenethylamines. J Am Chem Soc 81:6222–6231
Ungerstedt U (1968) 6-hydroxy-dopamine induced degeneration of central monoamine neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 5:107–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(68)90164-7
Konnova EA, Swanberg M (2018) Animal models of Parkinson’s disease. In: Stoker TB, Greenland JC (eds) Parkinson’s disease: pathogenesis and clinical aspects [Internet]. Codon Publications, Brisbane
Schober A (2004) Classic toxin-induced animal models of Parkinson’s disease: 6-OHDA and MPTP. Cell Tissue Res 318:215–224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-004-0938-y
Langston JW, Ballard P, Tetrud JW, Irwin I (1983) Chronic parkinsonism in humans due to a product of meperidine-analog synthesis. Science 219:979–980. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.6823561
Javitch JA, D’Amato RJ, Strittmatter SM, Snyder SH (1985) Parkinsonism-inducing neurotoxin, N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: uptake of the metabolite N-methyl-4-phenylpyridine by dopamine neurons explains selective toxicity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 82:2173–2177. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.82.7.2173
Bezard E, Gross CE, Fournier MC, Dovero S, Bloch B, Jaber M (1999) Absence of MPTP-induced neuronal death in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Exp Neurol 155:268–273. https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.1998.6995
Cui M, Aras R, Christian WV, Rappold PM, Hatwar M, Panza J et al (2009) The organic cation transporter-3 is a pivotal modulator of neurodegeneration in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:8043–8048. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0900358106
Guillot TS, Miller GW (2009) Protective actions of the vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT 2) in monoaminergic neurons. Mol Neurobiol 39:149–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-009-8059-y
Xiong N, Long X, Xiong J, Jia M, Chen C, Huang J et al (2012) Mitochondrial complex I inhibitor rotenone-induced toxicity and its potential mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease models. Crit Rev Toxicol 42:613–632. https://doi.org/10.3109/10408444.2012.680431
Heikkalia RE, Nicklas WJ, Vyas I, Duvoisin RC (1985) Dopaminergic toxicity of rotenone and the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion after their stereotaxic administration to rats: implication for the mechanism of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine toxicity. Neurosci Lett 62:389–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3940(85)90580-4
Przedborski S, Jackson-Lewis V, Naini AB, Jakowec M, Petzinger G, Miller R et al (2001) The parkinsonian toxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): a technical review of its utility and safety. J Neurochem 76:1265–1274. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00183.x
Jackson-Lewis V, Przedborski S (2007) Protocol of the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Nat Protoc 2:141–151. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.342
Betarbet R, Sherer TB, MacKinzie G, Gracia-Osuna M, Panov AV, Greenamyre JT (2000) Chronic systemic pesticide exposure reproduces features of Parkinson’s disease. Nat Neurosci 3:1301–1306. https://doi.org/10.1038/81834
Maegawa H, Morimoto Y, Kudo C, Hanamoto H, Boku A, Sugimira M et al (2015) Neural mechanism underlying hyperalgesic response to orofacial pain in Parkinson’s disease model rats. Neurosci Res 96:59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2015.01.006
Yasuda T, Hayakawa H, Nihira T, Ren YR, Nakata Y, Nagai M et al (2011) Parkin-mediated protection of dopaminergic neurons in a chronic MPTP-minipump mouse model of Parkinson disease. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 70:686–697. https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e3182269ecd
Morais LH, Lima MMS, Martynhak BJ, Santiago R, Takahashi TT, Ariza D et al (2012) Characterization of motor, depressive-like and neurochemical alterations induced by a short-term rotenone administration. Pharmacol Rep 64:1081–1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1734-1140(12)70905-2
Santiago RM, Barbieiro J, Lima MM, Dombrowski PA, Andreatini R, Vital MA et al (2010) Depressive-like behaviors alterations induced by intranigral MPTP, 6-OHDA, LPS and rotenone models of Parkinson’s disease are predominantly associated with serotonin and dopamine. Prog Neuropsycopharmacol Biol Psychiarty 34:1104–1114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.06.004
Moreira CG, Barbiero JK, Ariza D, Dombrowski PA, Sabioni P, Bortotanza M et al (2012) Behavioral, neurochemical and histological alterations promoted by bilateral intranigral rotenone administration: a new approach for an old neurotoxin. Neurotox Res 21:291–301. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-011-9278-3
Sherer TB, Kim JH, Betarbet R, Greenamyre JT (2003) Subcutaneous rotenone exposure causes highly selective dopaminergic degeneration and alpha-synuclein aggregation. Exp Neurol 179:9–16. https://doi.org/10.1006/exnr.2002.8072
Chemical Book (2006) Chemicalbook Inc. https://www.chemicalbook.com/ChemicalProductProperty_JP_CB6397762.htm. Accessed 16 Mar 2020
Roeling TAP, Docter GJ, Voorn P, Melchers BPC, Wolters EC, Groenwegen HJ (1995) Effects of unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions on neuropeptide immunoreactivity in the basal ganglia of the common marmoset, Callithrix jacchus, a quantitative immunohistochemical analysis. J Chem Neuroanat 9:155–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-0618(95)00072-0
Valette H, Deleuze P, Syrota A, Delforqe J, Crouzel C, Fuseau C et al (1997) Canine myocardial beta-adrenergic, muscarinic receptor densities after denervation: a PET study. J Nucl Med 36:140–146
Annett LE, Torres EM, Clarke DJ, Ishida Y, Barker RA, Ridley RM et al (1997) Survival of nigral grafts within the striatum of marmosets with 6-OHDA lesions depends critically in donor embryo age. Cell Transplant 6:557–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0963-6897(97)00079-1
Ruffy R, Leonard M (1997) Chemical cardiac sympathetic denervation hampers defibrillation in the dog. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol 8:62–67. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-8167.1997.tb00609.x
Ho YH, Nam MH, Choi I, Min J, Jeon SR (2020) Optogenetic inactivation of the entopeduncular nucleus improves forelimb akinesia in a Parkinson's disease model. Behav Brain Res 386:11251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112551
Yang SQ, Tian Q, Li D, He SQ, Hu M, Liu SY et al (2020) Leptin mediates protection of hydrogen sulfide against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced Parkinson’s disease: involving enhancement in Warburg effect. Neurochem Int 135:104692. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104692
Zigmond MJ, Berger TW, Grace AA, Stricker EM (1989) Compensatory responses to nigrostriatal bundle injury. Studies with 6-hydroxydopamine in an animal model of parkinsonism. Mol Chem Neuropathol 10:185–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03159728
Chiueh CC, Markey SP, Burns RS (1984) Neurochemical and behavioral effects of systemic and intranigral administration of N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in the rat. Eur J Pharmcol 100:189–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(84)90221-8
Xiong N, Huang J, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Xiong J, Liu X et al (2009) Stereotaxical infusion of rotenone: a reliable rodent model for Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One 4:e7878. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0007878
Cannon JR, Tapias VM, Na HM, Honick AS, Drolet RE, Greennamyre JT (2009) A highly reproducible rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Dis 34:279–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2009.01.016
Dodiya HB, Forsyth CB, Voigt RM, Engen PA, Patel J, Shaikh M et al (2020) Chronic stress-induced gut dysfunction exacerbates Parkinson’s disease phenotype and pathology in a rotenone-induced mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. Neurobol Dis 135:104352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2018.12.012
Nehru B, Verma R, Khanna P, Sharma SK (2008) Behavioral alternations in rotenone model of Parkinson’s disease: attenuation by co-treatment of centrophenoxine. Brain Res 1201:122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2008.01.074
Maegawa H, Adachi N, Hanamoto H, Kudo C, Niwa H (2019) Bilateral Parkinson's disease model rats exhibit hyperalgesia to subcutaneous formalin administration into the vibrissa pad. PLoS One 14:e0225928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0225928
Mercanti G, Bazzu G, Giusti P (2012) A 6-hydroxydopamine in vivo model of Parkinson’s disease. Methods Mol Biol 846:355–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-536-7_30
Perese DA, Ulman J, Viola J, Ewing SE, Bankiewicz KS (1989) A 6-hydroxydopamine-induced selective parkinsonian rat model. Brain Res 494:285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(89)90597-0
Przedborski S, Levivier M, Jiang H et al (1995) Dose-dependent lesions of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway induced by intrastriatal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine. Neuroscience 67:631–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(95)00066-r
Jackson-Lewis V, Jakowec M, Burke RE, Przedborski S (1995) Time course and morphology of dopaminergic neuronal death caused by the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine. Neurodegeneration 4:257–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/1055-8330(95)90015-2
Tatton NA, Kish SJ (1997) In situ detection of apoptotic nuclei in the substantia nigra compacta of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-treated mice using terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase labelling and acridine orange staining. Neuroscience 77:1037–1048. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00545-3
Fornai F, Schlüter OM, Lenzi P, Gesi M, Ruffoli R, Ferrucci M et al (2005) Parkinson-like syndrome induced by continuous MPTP infusion: convergent roles of the ubiquitin-proteasome system and α-synuclein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 102:3413–3418. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409713102
Yang SC, Markey SP, Bankiewicz KS, London WT, Lunn G (1988) Recommended safe practices for using the neurotoxin MPTP in animal experiments. Lab Anim Sci 38:563–567
Furuya T, Hayakawa H, Yamada M, Yoshimi K, Hisahara S, Miura M et al (2004) Caspase-11 mediates inflammatory dopaminergic cell death in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine mouse model of Parkinson’s disease. J Neurosci 24:1865–1872. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3309-03.2004
Turmel H, Hartmann A, Parain K, Douhou A, Srinivasan A, Agid Y et al (2001) Caspase-3 activation in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) -treated mice. Mov Disord 16:185–189. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.1037
Inden M, Kitamura Y, Takeuti H, Yanagida T, Takata K, Kobayashi Y et al (2007) Neurodegeneration of mouse nigrostriatal dopaminergic system induced by repeated oral administration of rotenone is prevented by 4-phenylbutyrate, a chemical chaperone. J Neurochem 101:1491–1504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04440.x
Inden M, Kitamura Y, Abe M, Tamaki A, Takata K, Taniguchi T (2011) Parkinsonian rotenone mouse model: reevaluation of long-term administration of rotenone in C57BL/6 mice. Biol Pharm Bull 34:92–96. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.34.92
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Maegawa, H., Niwa, H. (2021). Generation of Mitochondrial Toxin Rodent Models of Parkinson’s Disease Using 6-OHDA , MPTP , and Rotenone. In: Imai, Y. (eds) Experimental Models of Parkinson’s Disease. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 2322. Humana, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1495-2_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1495-2_10
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-0716-1494-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-0716-1495-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols